Post conflict establishments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Post conflict establishments - Essay Example Historically, there were conquests and wars geared towards constructing territories that were subject to a supreme ruler. A good example is the Roman Empire that used fierce battles to expand its territory, and everyone was subject to the emperor in Rome. With modernity that has been pushed from the time of capitalists such as Karl Marx and other proponents of economic independence, there has been a shift in how nation building has to be approached (Fukuyama, 1991). With revolutions being witnessed in several nations in the world even in the recent years, the challenge of achieving a national unity has been a major headache to the government authorities as well as the international community. The world’s superpowers such as the United States together with other international bodies including the United Nations have been in quest of promoting democracy, but several attempts by such external parties have often made the situations worse. A good example is that of two countries â €“ Somalia and East Timor – where use of brutal force and captivity made the countries even more ungovernable and with the recent developments in East Timor, it has been evident that the approach to be taken in solving issues of nation building should be more inclusive. This paper tries to examine the challenges that the external aggressors, as they are sometimes referred to, have faced in their quest to help nations come out of conflict and develop. It further explores the possible means of eliminating those challenges so that the goal of creating stable and progressive nations is attained. Nation Building and Its Challenges As discussed below, there are various challenges that will have to be resolved to be able to achieve the intent for making nations more united and focused on attaining cultural, ideological and political diversity as proposed by Forman (2002). To begin with, the question of different cultural influence in the post-war nations has taken a great toll i n how the issue of nation building is to be handled. Finding a compromise for often sharply divided tribal groups has not been an easy task as will be discussed in the following section. Socio-Cultural Beliefs and Identity Many of the conflicts in countries have been as a result of conflicts from different groups that may present a religious, ethnic, class or any other social identity. Resolving disputes among a sharply divided people who are historically enemies is a heavy task for external organizations which might not be able to understand the very basic reasons why the people are in constant conflict. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict provides an insight into how religious teachings and ideological differences caused by historical misrepresentations have resulted in a deeply rooted conflict. In some cases such as this conflict, nation building between the two states through conflict resolution and even the constant use of force has not helped in solving the conflicts. However, so me nations did succeed in resolving conflict through arbitration even though it was not easy. A good example is South Africa during and after Apartheid. Whereas Bishop Desmond Tutu and President Nelson Mandela immediately set up the Truth and Reconciliation Commission with a sole purpose of restoring peace and justice, their main objective was to grant amnesty to those perpetrators who committed abuses during the Apartheid era. This however was done under stipulated

Hospitality Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hospitality - Assignment Example An analysis of â€Å"How to Start a Bed and Breakfast† an article by Entrepreneur Media, informs of the various steps and issues to consider in order to start a profitable Bed and Breakfast (B&B). In the article, the Entrepreneur Media explores the different issues and steps to consider before starting a B&B business. From the introduction to the conclusion, the author arranges the work in simple steps that make it both precise and informative. The steps (each given a subtopic that is further subdivided into subheadings) make it easier for the reader to go through the all the steps, putting emphasis on points of interest. The author offers a conclusive definition of a B&B. Through a short description of the B&B before giving the definition, the article manages to catch the interest/attention of the audience and keep it glued to the end. That the introduction offers a short history of the development and existence of B&B’s from the revolution era, giving examples of specific houses, makes it informative and helpful. In the section labeled ‘Best of Both Worlds’, the introduction tackles the definition of a B&B in depth. It starts off with a rhetoric question that plays a significant role in arousing the curiosity of the reader and thus attracting his/her attention. The author asks, â€Å"What exactly is a bed and breakfast?†The article incorporates different definitions in terms of size, class, and the number of guest rooms that a B&B can accommodate, to answer the question. In addition, the article offers an extensive definition of the feature through an analysis of the serv ices offered in a B&B. To ensure credibility, the author cites different professional bodies and statistics, which also enhance the understanding of the issue.For instance, the author cites the California-based Professional Association of Innkeepers International (PAII). Moreover, the issue of profit-making in

The 1918 Influenza Pandemic Essay example -- Health Medicine Diseases

The 1918 Influenza Pandemic The United States entered the War in 1918 and brought influenza to America that medical historian Roy Porter has called â€Å"the greatest single demographic shock mankind has ever experienced, the most deadly pestilence since the Black Death.†[1] In the late nineteen thirties, members of the Federal Writer’s Project (FWP) with the Works Progress Administration (WPA), interviewed people who remembered surviving the pandemic. [2] They described a world caught off guard. Newly established â€Å"base camps† became makeshift hospitals and morgues. Doctors, embalmers, laundresses and florists did a brisk trade. Public venues closed, and as entire families became ill, mothers, husbands and soldiers remember coping with quarantines and loss of family. Sufferers put great stock in their ability to treat themselves as doctors and other health officials struggled with ineffective prevention and treatment strategies. For them, the flu of 1918 marked a major life change but it also became a testament to their ability to survive. The flu came fast and it hit hard. Dr. Curtis Atkinson, then a First Lieutenant in the Medical Corps at Fort Riley, Kansas remembered the first military quarantines. â€Å"When the 'flu' epidemic struck Call Field, Sunday, December, 1918, the boys began to come down very rapidly. A foot ball game was in progress. The commanding officer immediately ordered the game stopped and sentinels posted at the gate of the field with orders that no one was to be admitted.†[3] Another soldier, Dr. William W. Wood remembered soldiers and civilians â€Å"dying like sheep.†[4] Melinda Parker remembers how fast she lost her husband. â€Å"My husband†¦ was workin' at the shipyards in Algiers an' he got the flu an' in four day... ...arolina Writer’s Project. [14] â€Å"J. D. Washburn,† Interview by Douglas Carter. [15] â€Å"History of Career (import) of J. H. Kimbrough,† Interview by Marie Reese. [16] â€Å"Mountain Sharecroppers,† Interview by Anne Winn Stevens. [17] Porter, Roy. 484 [18] â€Å"Dr. William W. Wood,† Interview by Miss Effie Cowan. [19] â€Å"Reminiscences centered around Call Field,† Interview by Ethel Dulaney. [20] â€Å"Dr. Wood†, Cowan [21] â€Å" Coal Fields to the Cotton Mill,† Interview by South Carolina Writer’s Project. [22] â€Å"J. D. Washburn,† Interview by Douglas Carter. [23] â€Å"The Influenza Epidemic,† Interview by Jane K. Leary. [24] â€Å"Note French Canadian Personalities,† Interview by Robert Grady. [25] â€Å"The Influenza Epidemic,† Interview by Jane K. Leary. [26] â€Å"Glenn Kanipe.† Interview with Ethel Deal. [27] â€Å"Melinda Parker,† Interview by Louisiana Folklore

Risks and opportunities of Wal-Mart

Sam Walton – a real ‘king’ of XXth-century retail – was able to turn a small store in the center of a provincial town to the world’s largest retailer – Wal-Mart. This man had stepped on a pedal of his business and never let it go; otherwise, he could be crushed by those behind him. The Wal-Mart’s success is grounded on the notion to save customers’ money, so they can live better.The economists’ unfavorable outlook at Wal-Mart Co in the beginning of FY 2007 seems to fade out by the latest data and reports, for this global retailer is focused on constant improving of sales and returns: an 8.1 percent increase in the first quarter to $2.86 billion or 70 cents per share up from $2.65 billion, or 63 cents per share, in the year ago period.Wal-Mart expects the on-going increase in net profit up to $0.99 – $1.03 per share in the fourth quarter and $3.13 – $3.17 in total. Sales of the company rose 8.8 percent to $90. 9 billion (according to the data from Floor Daily and Reuters).Risks of the last year, when the company tried to sell more goods to middle- and high-income shoppers had been reemphasized by executive leadership; therefore, this year brought more opportunities in low-price segment.At present, Wal-Mart Co made some steps forward in its American stores and attracted more consumers, who were pressed by growing prices on foodstuff and energy carriers, and by mortgage crisis. For the past few weeks, the retailer has lowered prices on the most popular toys and 15 thousand of other goods on the threshold of the holiday shopping.The falling of dollar and rising oil prices posed a real threat to weaken international earnings; however, the surprising share of Wal-Mart Stores Inc in the third quarter of FY 2007 has grown due to outlets overseas, tough expenses’ control and preliminary customer expectation model in American stores. While the American picture seems rather clear, forWal-Mar t originated from this country, the international situation was frightening. Europe and Asia are turning America down from the leading position in the world affairs, because of its ‘diplomatic’ operations in Iraq, the growing total debt and unstable economy.Therefore, the outlets in Germany were forced out by domestic stores, outlets in South Korea were closed because of high competition and low market share; â€Å"new social alternative† in India is fighting against Coca-Cola and Wal-Mart. Nevertheless, along with grasping market share in North and Latin America, Wal-Mart had fit the cultural diversity in Asian segment. For example, in China consumers are allowed to choose live fish and seafood by themselves.As the world’s largest retailer, Wal-Mart Co can afford the new technologies, take the role of sponsor in the latest researches and developments, protect the environment and implement the energy- and money-saving equipment in its stores.When Sam Walto n had faced regional discount competition and opened his first discount store, he laid the basis for further successful management strategy: the wide range of goods, the lowest possible prices, the latest technologies, convenient stores and parking, and, as the result, consumers’ satisfaction. Today, the executive leadership of the corporation is aiming its efforts at successful managing of all departments: sales, marketing, human resources, research and development and administration.Step by step, Wal-Mart has filled all market niches, including discount stores, warehouses, grocery and toys stores, optical and pharmaceutical supermarkets, portrait studios. The outlets overseas were depending on the progress and technologies. The spread of democracy in post-communist countries had unveiled the potential of their consumers; so, today, Wal-Mart Stores Inc. is heading to take the largest market share possible in this area.Technological progress with its changes in industry had f orced Wal-Mart Co to implement such   â€Å"A preliminary research for the valuation of Wal-Mart Co† developments as internet access, latest technologies and electronics, online stores in its marketing strategy, in order to keep the leading positions in a highly competitive market.The core trends in business spending lie in progress of environment protection. The sustainable goals of zero waste and reduce of energy at Wal-Mart stores call for fundamental changes. The company has already â€Å"constructed experimental stores to test different ways to conserve water or electricity while also cutting waste† (Maestri, N. Reuters, para.3).The company will also examine the health care issues, the key question that is raised in media; make attempts to fit the highly diversified Asian market to include minorities and women; reduce carbon footprint and track waste. Another business spending is found in sustainable development in China, from which Wal-Mart, either directly or indirectly source goods.Wal-Mart strategy, competencies, and managementMike Duke, the Vice Chairman of Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., in his â€Å"Driving Business Value through Sustainability† presentation has singled out five value drivers of business: brand and reputation, cost reduction, access to talent, associate engagement, innovation (p.8).These drives cover all spheres and level possible, such as worldwide market share and recognition, customers’ and employees’ satisfaction. All reports prove that the principle of each consumer’s satisfaction is the right and unchanging course in varying industry. Sam Walton, an expert, manager and retailer, is also a good teacher, for he could raise a successful team of leaders, who share the same priorities and want to reach the same goals.Recently, Wal-Mart Co had reemphasized the financial management systems and chose the solution SAP ERP Financials to keep up its growth and effective reaction at business changes. Th is teamwork had lead to top, among such competitors as Target, Costco, Kroger, Safeway, Best Buy, etc. Ellis Mnyandu, a Reuter’s reporter, has noted that â€Å"Wal-Mart’s stock gained 6.1 percent to $45.97 after the world’s biggest retailer posted a stronger-than-expected quarterly profit and raised its outlook† (para.17). Facts say louder than words – Wal-Mart Co is worth to be called â€Å"the largest seller in the U.S.† and largest global retailer.References:Bianco, A. (2007). Wal-Mart’s Midlife Crisis. BusinessWeek. April 30. Online. November 28, 2007. Available: http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_18/b4032001.htmDuke, M., Hartzfeld, J. (2007). Driving Business Value Through Sustainability. October, 10.Online. The Wal-Mart Live Better Sustainability Summit. November, 28, 2007.Available: http://ceosustainabilitysummit.com/CEODocs/984797/InterfaceRAISEWal- MartSummitBreakout101007.pdfMaestri, N. (2007). Wal-Mart Outlines Environmental Efforts Progress. Reuters UK.November, 15. Online. November, 28, 2007. Available:http://uk.reuters.com/article/environmentNews /idUKN1530614420071115?sp=trueMnyandu, E. (2007). Market soars on tech, banks, Wal-Mart and oil. Reuters. Online. November, 28, 2007. Available: http://www.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSL3057195020071113?sp=trueWal-Mart 1Q Earnings Up 8.1%. (2007). Floor Focus. May 15. Online. November, 28, 2007. Available: http://www.floorfocus.com/articlesearchitem.aspx?article=10372Wal-Mart Selects SAP. (2007). SAP Global. October, 18. Online. November, 28, 2007.Available: http://www.sap.com/solutions/business- suite/erp/newsevents/press.epx?pressid=8440   

Animal Testing Is A Cruel And Useless - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1361 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Biology Essay Level High school Tags: Animal Testing Essay Did you like this example? Nelly, a beagle puppy, had a very rough start since the day she was born. She was used for testing in a laboratory, she was sold for experimentation and was later abandoned. As time went by, she was shot and was left for dead with two other assassinated puppies in a locked cage with little space to breathe or move. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Animal Testing Is A Cruel And Useless" essay for you Create order They were left on the side of a lonely road, lost, somewhere in Florida. Nelly, the beagle, deserved better. All of the other animals used for testing, deserve better.Animal testing is a major problem around the US and around the world, it needs to be addressed.Preview 3 main points (1 point each = 3 points): animal testing, why is it wrong, how to stop itEstablish Credibility (1   points): As a pet owner, I was interested in the topic so I did further research. I. First Main Point â€Å" description of the problem (3     points): Animal testing is a cruel and useless, it does not work and only causes harm to hundreds of thousands of harmless animals.A. Subpoint: Animal testing is based when scientists use animals in studies and experiments in order to prove a theory or see how they react to a chemical or trial. Each year, millions of animals including dogs, cats, monkeys, and mice experience cruelty because of these tests and experiments. Throughout this time, the creatures have to breathe in test substances and run the risk that they are toxic.1. Sub-subpoint: As stated on the BBC website, scientists experiment on animals for basic research, investigating potential treatments for human disease, safety and quality control testing of drugs and to explore how organisms function. (Katsnelson, 2013) Most people can agree that animal experimentation is not only outdated but it is immoral and painful as well. However, there are a lot of people who have wrong perception that this practice is necessary for medicine to keep developing and improving. There are several cases that show what they have to go through and the cruelty tested animals experiment. For example, in the state of Virginia scientists forgot to remove one of the rats they used in their experiment out of the cage, and took it to a cage washing system. When the cages are washed, they reach temperatures higher than 180 degrees Celsius, causing the rat to suffer and ultimately die. In another experiment, mice were put in a swimming pool, after a specific time interval researchers placed a wire net that drowned them and did not let them get out. They were underwater for about 30 seconds, to see the effects of underwater trauma. This is an unnecessary practice and torture for the test subjects. And like these, every day, hundreds of thousands of animals, including cats, monkeys, rabbits and dogs, are forced to suffer in laboratories and undergo burning and uncomfortable experiments. One of the first disagreements over animal testing took place about 60 years ago with a published article about Pepper, a dog that was used as a test subject. Pepper was a farmers dog that was kidnapped from his property and was later sold into experimentation. Scientists tried to place an experimental cardiac pacemaker in his body, which led to the dog dying.(Transition point) Furthermore, this is why animal testing is ineffective.II. Second Main Point description of the cause or causes (3   points): Animals are very different from human beings, making them unsuccessful test subjectsA. Subpoint: There are many variances between animals and people that make them poor models for humans, including anatomic and cellular differences.Sub-subpoint: Several years ago, scientist found a relationship between cancer and tobacco use. There was strong data that backed up this information, so it was believed to be true. Researchers used animal and tested them to see how their bodies would react to the tobacco and whether or not it caused them to have cancer. After testing it frequent times, the tobacco did not seem to produce cancer in the animals, so this theory was rejected. Therefore, warnings regarding the dangers of cigarettes and tobacco were rule as false for many years. This shows that only a small portion of substances that are known to produce cancer in humans, cause cancer in animals as well, which makes them poor models. There was another medicine that was used to treat arthritis. After being tested in monkeys several times it was found to be safe, therefore could be used in humans. This medicine has now caused more than three hundred and twenty thousand heart attacks and strokes and about one hundred and forty thousand deaths around the world. According to cruelty free international, out of 93 dangerous drug side effects, only 19% could have been predicted by animal tests. (Against Animal Testing, 2018) About two years ago in Europe, a drug to treat Parkinsons disease was tested in animals to see if it was safe. It was ruled to be fine after it was given to four different species of animals, including mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys and they were all fine. However, when given to people it killed one volunteer and caused other four volunteers to suffer with severe brain damage, ruining their lives forever. (Transition   point) So what other methods can be used?II. Third Main Point â€Å" description of the solution (3 points): There are other alternatives researchers can use instead of animal testing.A. Subpoint: There is no evidence that animal experiments were needed and essential in making major medical advances. If enough money and resources were dedicated to animal-free substitutes, other solutions could be used. 1. Sub-subpoint: According to www.peta.org, alternatives to animal testing include sophisticated tests using human cells and tissues, advanced computer-modeling techniques, and studies with human volunteers. Investigators have created organ on chips that can be used instead of animals. In these chips human cells are grown to do perform the functions of the organs and the organ system as well as to simulate the structure of them. (Peta, 2018) With the new technology, we now have computer models that can show how diseases progress inside the body and models that mimic human biology. It has been found that these models are an accurate prediction of how medicines will react in humans, without having to use animals which most of the time are unreliable. Also, there is a method called micro dosing, that can provide fundamental evidence on how safe an experimental drug is before giving them to humans, especially in large-scale trials. With this way of testing, volunteers are given a very small dose of the medicine and it is only one time. Then, they are monitored closely to see how it reacts in the body and the possible effects of the drug. Mechanized human-patient simulators that are able to breathe, bleed, talk, and even die have shown to be better at teaching students than exercises that implicate using animals.(Transition   point) In conclusion,Conclusion â€Å" To Include: Summary Statement (1   points): Animal testing is still a huge concern today that harms millions of animals per year; however, other alternatives such as organ-on chips, computer models and micro dosing can eradicate this problem.Revisit the Thesis (1   points): The evidence provided shows that animal testing is not effective, and that they are poor models for humans.Reviewed Three Main Points (1 point each = 3 points): animal testing, why is it wrong, how to stop itEnding Statement (5 points)â€Å" try to finish with a BANG So picture yourself in a place you dont know, locked up without any room for movement. People you do not know come and go every couple of hours and rub things into your skin that burns and makes it bleed. They put substances in your eyes that makes you go blind. Imagine being alone and helpless, with people who is waiting to see what makes you die. These are only a few things animals go through during testing, a change needs to be made.(3) APA Style References Against Animal Testing. (n.d.). Retrieved October 26, 2018, from https://www.crueltyfreeinternational.org/why-we-do-it/arguments-against-animal-testing Peta. (2018). Alternatives to Animal Testing. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-experimentation/alternatives-animal-testing/ Katsnelson, A. (2013, June 10). Future Will we ever eliminate animal experimentation? Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/future/story/20130609-will-we-ever-end-animal-testing

Cultural Identity - 1083 Words

Laurel Monk 03.04.2015 Mrs. Erica Secor Cultural Identity Paper Culture in today’s society has become a very big deal. Different types of culture evolve every day, based on the new ways that are emerging and the opinions different groups of people are coming together to believe in. Each person can socially identify with many different cultures and subcultures based on the things they believe in and like to do. They can also be based on things like how they were raised and the people who influenced a certain type of culture around them. In the following, I will discuss Hidalgo’s three levels of culture as they relate to my personal culture and cultural identity, and how different things in life have influenced what my culture is. I†¦show more content†¦Manners and being courteous and polite is probably the biggest thing about my culture. Rudeness and disrespect is not tolerated in my culture. We also believe in listening and understanding to work out problems. There are many different parts of humanit ies, including literature art or music, which can greatly influence a person’s cultural identity. For me, music is, what I believe, the basis of my cultural identity. Music can provide so much advice from other peoples’ standpoints that touches who I am morally, and emotionally. It is what allows me to express who I am, as well as what I turn to in hard situations. It is what I grew up around, and how I express my religion in church situations. It is also a way for me to teach my child about different aspects of life and culture. Music is involved in every part of my culture. Many people express their cultures differently. I think the first thing I notice about someone’s cultural identity is the way they dress, the way they greet other people, and the way they speak. This kind of helps me get an idea of where the person comes from, maybe the culture that makes them, and it helps me to determine how to greet and speak to them. I am ok with people identifying me t he same way if someone else was trying to determine how to approach me, or understand who I really am. Although I don’t want my physical appearance to be how they judge me, it is justShow MoreRelatedEssay On Cultural Identity1114 Words   |  5 PagesCulture identity development is an important part of every life due the emergence of self through primary and sociocultural contexts (Ecklund, 2016). These stages of development are made up of either a dominant or a non-dominant group and intersectional adaptation. More specifically, cultural identity is a self-construct where individuals share the same culture, which causes them to attribute themselves to that group (Ecklund, 2016). 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Evaluation Of A Social Facilitation Theory Based On A...

The authors conducted an experiment to test a social facilitation theory based on a single attribution on a certain level of task. The present study tested effect of distraction based on using two-line comparison of performance. We built two groups which were (a) control groups who do memory test alone and (b) experimental groups who do test with a confederate. We give another replaced purpose when we requested consent from participants for confirming the validity for experiment. The study found no significant effect on memory task under distraction. Furthermore, the presence of others does not appear necessary on simple task. The following discussion will give the explanation of unexpected results.hirty University of British Columbia undergraduates volunteered to participate in exchange for completing their research project in various psychology classes. Sixteen participants served in experimental group (with confederate), and 14 served as controls in one of two conditions. Materials We give the paper 1 with 10 numbers with most two-digit numbers, some three-digit numbers and one four-digit number first. And paper 2 is mixed with a different series of numbers, those ten numbers given before were mixed with another ten numbers. The last paper 3 is a questionnaire about current emotions with 6-points scale. Procedure Each participant was scheduled for a time of 5 minutes before another participant arrived. For the first time, the participants were exchanged students fromShow MoreRelatedThe Term, Social Facilitation, By Floyd Allport1702 Words   |  7 PagesThe term â€Å"Social facilitation â€Å" was coined by Floyd Allport in 1924 and was recently defined by Karau as â€Å"a tendency for the presence of other people to enhance an individual’s performance on a simple or well-learned task but to reduce it on complex or unfamiliar tasks† ( 2012, p. 486). 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