Cultural Identity - 1083 Words

Laurel Monk 03.04.2015 Mrs. Erica Secor Cultural Identity Paper Culture in today’s society has become a very big deal. Different types of culture evolve every day, based on the new ways that are emerging and the opinions different groups of people are coming together to believe in. Each person can socially identify with many different cultures and subcultures based on the things they believe in and like to do. They can also be based on things like how they were raised and the people who influenced a certain type of culture around them. In the following, I will discuss Hidalgo’s three levels of culture as they relate to my personal culture and cultural identity, and how different things in life have influenced what my culture is. I†¦show more content†¦Manners and being courteous and polite is probably the biggest thing about my culture. Rudeness and disrespect is not tolerated in my culture. We also believe in listening and understanding to work out problems. There are many different parts of humanit ies, including literature art or music, which can greatly influence a person’s cultural identity. For me, music is, what I believe, the basis of my cultural identity. Music can provide so much advice from other peoples’ standpoints that touches who I am morally, and emotionally. It is what allows me to express who I am, as well as what I turn to in hard situations. It is what I grew up around, and how I express my religion in church situations. It is also a way for me to teach my child about different aspects of life and culture. Music is involved in every part of my culture. Many people express their cultures differently. I think the first thing I notice about someone’s cultural identity is the way they dress, the way they greet other people, and the way they speak. This kind of helps me get an idea of where the person comes from, maybe the culture that makes them, and it helps me to determine how to greet and speak to them. I am ok with people identifying me t he same way if someone else was trying to determine how to approach me, or understand who I really am. Although I don’t want my physical appearance to be how they judge me, it is justShow MoreRelatedEssay On Cultural Identity1114 Words   |  5 PagesCulture identity development is an important part of every life due the emergence of self through primary and sociocultural contexts (Ecklund, 2016). These stages of development are made up of either a dominant or a non-dominant group and intersectional adaptation. More specifically, cultural identity is a self-construct where individuals share the same culture, which causes them to attribute themselves to that group (Ecklund, 2016). Being a part of the dominant culture in the United States has openedRead MoreThe Current Challenges of Cultural Identity Essay974 Words   |  4 PagesCultural identity refers to the feeling belonging to a certain culture that is attributed to the upbringing of an individual in the given culture. C ultural identity gives a person the sense of belonging and belonging towards their culture. Modern cultural studies show that cultural identification has taken a new face. Various cultural identifiers can be used to identify the culture of an individual. These identifiers include nationality, language, location, gender, religious beliefs, history, andRead MoreCultural Identity1133 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to the Hay’s addressing model, my cultural identities as a Latina woman of low socioeconomic status makes me part of non-dominant groups. My identities set me apart from the majority population which means that; I am perceived inferior than those of dominant groups. My lineage constitutes of indigenous ancestors that like me, share a darker skin tone that till this day is seen imperfect. My parents immigrated to this country in 1996, a year before I was born. My father and his familyRead MoreCultural Identity And Cultural Values1614 Words   |  7 Pagesbecomes internalized and therefore is a driving force in the formation of our unique identities. Cultural identity thus becomes an expression of our governing systems of kinship, ethnicity, race and religion, interacting with the social, economic and political world around us (Hall, 1995). In this way, cultural identity represents the extent we feel connected to and a part of a given cultural group. While identity formation is a fluid construct which is subject to evolution and influence, one couldRead MoreEthnic Identity And Cultural Identity1204 Words   |  5 PagesEthnic identity much like racial identity is difficult to clearly discern and delineate. 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I believe I only get out what I put inRead MoreStuart Halls Cultural Identity and Diaspora1599 Words   |  7 PagesOuahani Nasr-edine A Paper about Stuart Hall’s article: Cultural Identity and Diaspora Stuart hall talks about the crucial role of the â€Å"Third Cinemas† in promoting the Afro-Caribbean cultural identities, the Diaspora hybridity and difference. Hall argues that the role of the â€Å"Third Cinemas† is not simply to reflect what is already there; rather, their crucial role is to produce representations which constantly constitute the third world’s peoples as new subjects against their representationsRead MoreLanguage And Cultural Identity Essay958 Words   |  4 PagesMaintaining cultural identity Over the last few decades, the relationship between language and cultural identities have become a preferred topic in learning the importance of language in maintaining cultural identity. The question that keeps popping up concerns, the role of language in keeping these social aspects. For instance, how language is important in maintaining cultural identity when people migrate from one nation to another. Perhaps, when people immigrate to a new country their cultural identityRead MoreMy Cultural Identity Essay1258 Words   |  6 PagesCultural Identity Essay Krishal Sharma | Period: 2 | 9/15/17#1 Everyone has their own, one of a kind cultural identity and culture. Your culture could be anything like an interest in technology or what hobbies you like even food. My cultural identity would not exist if it wasn t for what I value the most and what I love the most. In the world, nowadays people like a lot of things such as music. But what I like is completely different, There is one that influences my cultural identity andRead MoreMy Paper On Cultural Identity1140 Words   |  5 Pages My paper was based on the first topic about how someone’s life history can tell you about their cultural identity. The person I interviewed was a second generation 32 year old immigrant from Mexico. She is a very kind person, with such an adventurous personality. My plan was to ask several questions about her life, as well as what she has faced. This is so I can learn more from her and her culture. I asked a couple of questions about her life and practices to figure out how family and changes helped

Evaluation Of A Social Facilitation Theory Based On A...

The authors conducted an experiment to test a social facilitation theory based on a single attribution on a certain level of task. The present study tested effect of distraction based on using two-line comparison of performance. We built two groups which were (a) control groups who do memory test alone and (b) experimental groups who do test with a confederate. We give another replaced purpose when we requested consent from participants for confirming the validity for experiment. The study found no significant effect on memory task under distraction. Furthermore, the presence of others does not appear necessary on simple task. The following discussion will give the explanation of unexpected results.hirty University of British Columbia undergraduates volunteered to participate in exchange for completing their research project in various psychology classes. Sixteen participants served in experimental group (with confederate), and 14 served as controls in one of two conditions. Materials We give the paper 1 with 10 numbers with most two-digit numbers, some three-digit numbers and one four-digit number first. And paper 2 is mixed with a different series of numbers, those ten numbers given before were mixed with another ten numbers. The last paper 3 is a questionnaire about current emotions with 6-points scale. Procedure Each participant was scheduled for a time of 5 minutes before another participant arrived. For the first time, the participants were exchanged students fromShow MoreRelatedThe Term, Social Facilitation, By Floyd Allport1702 Words   |  7 PagesThe term â€Å"Social facilitation â€Å" was coined by Floyd Allport in 1924 and was recently defined by Karau as â€Å"a tendency for the presence of other people to enhance an individual’s performance on a simple or well-learned task but to reduce it on complex or unfamiliar tasks† ( 2012, p. 486). This phenomenon has been widely studied for over a century and has produced numerous theories to explain its occurrence . Beginning with Norman Triplett in 1898, who discovered a social facilitation effect in cyclistsRead MoreSocial Loafing Essay1313 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Loafing A major component of Social Psychological research is based on social loafing. Social loafing can result in diverse possibilities and also not only affects the individual who is conducting the social phenomenon but also group members are subjected to exposure. Discussion regarding the reasons of social loafing as an occurrence will be based primarily on evidence from literature regarding the specific component, envy. Possibilities of outcomes range fromRead MoreQualities Of A Good Leader1961 Words   |  8 Pagesgive feedback to teammates or peers, without being specific using questions, such as â€Å"What angle should your feet be facing?†; a leader has to be able to establish relationships amongst the team, as these relationships are interpersonal; finally a leader needs to be able to confidentially direct a team or a group. However, there are two theories the trait theory and social learning theory which describes the qualities of a good leader. The trait theory suggests that leaders are born with the naturalRead MoreThe Importance Of Emotional Intelligence ( Ei )1645 Words   |  7 Pagesregulate them) (Mayer, Roberts, Barsade, 2008). The model is measured by Mayer-Salovey-Caruso EI test (MSCEIT); combining eight individual tasks related to those in the four capacities. Two tasks are used to measure each branch of the model; Emotional perception is measu red by asking participants to recognise emotions in faces and landscapes. Emotional facilitation is assessed by asking participants to distinguish which emotions supports which thoughts and activities. Emotional understanding is measuredRead MoreChapter 86104 Words   |  25 PagesOrganizations, 10e (Greenberg) Chapter 8 Group Dynamics and Work Teams 1) ________ focuses on the nature of groups, the variables that govern their development, formation, structure, performance, etc. A) Group dynamics B) Teamwork C) Social facilitation D) Drive theory Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 251 2) Which of the following constitutes a group? A) Students waiting in line to sell their textbooks at the end of the semester B) The office support staff of a sales office C) Students working on a finalRead MoreThe Relevance of Organizational Behavior as a Management Perspective: An Evaluation1478 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Organizational Behavior: Managing People Objective The objective of this study is to assume the position as principal of a school and to undertake a critical evaluation of the relevance of organizational behavior as a management perspective. The response will emphasize the importance of interpersonal relations, facilitation of group/teams and leadership in improving organizational performance and reflect the knowledge and understanding of the key theoretical concepts and best practices. Read MoreThe Rise And Fall Of Carly Fiorina1641 Words   |  7 PagesMuch is made of the impact of leadership on an organisation. Theory has moved on from the idea of born leaders and specific traits that deliver effectiveness, to behavioural approaches and a distribution of the function through the organisation. ‘The Rise and Fall of Carly Fiorina’ (Johnson 2008) details Hewlett Packard’s recruitment of a celebrity CEO who took the organisation away from 60 years of distributed leadership, to implement an autocratic leadership style. This essay examines the caseRead MoreThe Strengths and Weaknesses of the Scientist Practioner Approach1241 Words   |  5 Pagesrealm of American psychology. A conference held in Boulder, Colorado in 1949 concluded that clinical psychologists should be incorporating both a scientific and practical approach within their framework and training model. In his applied scientific theory, Shappiro (1985) viewed research and practice as being integrated, not dichotomised. He outlined the three features of what he believed to make up the scientist-practitioner role: 1. 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Performance Management is an ongoing process executed across the organisation and at all levels of employment. Lawler (2008) established that an effective performance management system needs to accomplish four things. First needs to

The World Free Essays

The world’s biggest software maker felt that it had been robbed, so much so that they posted a high-level summary of 235 patents that were allegedly violated by Free and Open Source Software (FOSS), including the Linux Kernel, Samba, OpenOffice. org, and others . Microsoft does not play when it comes to patent infringement, but did they have a case? †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ So if Microsoft ever sued Linux distributor Red Hat for patent infringement, for instance, OIN might sue Microsoft in retaliation, trying to enjoin distribution of Windows. We will write a custom essay sample on The World or any similar topic only for you Order Now It’s a cold war, and what keeps the peace is the threat of mutually assured destruction: patent Armageddon an unending series of suits and countersuits that would hobble the industry and its customers. † (Parloff may 28, 2007). Shortly after that, Microsoft entered into a series of three contracts with Novell, one of which was a patent agreement that basically said, â€Å"Don’t sue us and we won’t sue you. † So now the question is â€Å"At the time of the scenario, some dire consequences were predicted for FOSS. How has FOSS fared since then? † From what I have researched so far FOSS generally has still faired fairly well through the whole ordeal. The GNU still viewed as a pinnacle for open source software and distribution. The Deal with Novell was made to walk around the GPL of the GNU and expose loop holes for Microsoft’s gain but also creating a pressing dilemma for the GNU. The deal struck between Novell and Microsoft was a â€Å"we don’t sue you and you don’t sue us† which indicates that not only was FOSS involved in patent infringement but also Microsoft. The Deal included over 200 million dollars to Novell and 43 Million to Microsoft for â€Å"license distribution† of Novells’ Server software. Linux has grown from its earlier days as a fringe operating, evolving more and becoming more wide spread as a use for servers. What impact have these events made since then, or will they make? The threat of a lawsuit had little if any impact on the free open source market at all. People continued to download just about anything these days. Why you ask? It simple, FOSS has good quality codes that can be changed, shared, copied at will, and downloaded. It’s adaptable and it can be tailored to perform almost any large-scale computing job and it is almost crash proof. Software that is free is good to anybody no one can deny that. Many individuals that used open source applications on their smart devices, as well as large companies which use these applications for daily activity for their need in their company. FOSS is great for everyone because it can be shared, copied, changed and of course downloaded. FOSS is not going anywhere just for the reason being that it’s free. Has FOSS been hurt, helped, or neither? Big corporate companies have been changing their philosophy on open source software since Microsoft posted their findings in 2006. Major corporations like IBM, Oracle and Google have been using FOSS. They are big allies to FOSS so in my opinion I think it has helped them because then other small companies that actually look up to these powerful corporations would later start using FOSS. When something is starting to being used and downloaded on a constant basis, this means it’s becoming popular and it is in high demand. So it has helped them since then. Free software is great, and corporate America loves it. What in FOSS’s or Microsoft’s actions against FOSS has changed since then? Microsoft actions towards FOSS since then allegations were published is to get paid, the company is trying to still get royalties from developers that use FOSS. After the deal between Novell and Microsoft, Novell continued getting open source software getting their royalties and charging for them instead of being free. Microsoft did not sued FOSS but are lobbying their hardest (unsuccessfully I might add) in getting most of the large corporations to not join or ally themselves with FOSS. Bibliography Parloff, R. CNN Money, â€Å"Microsoft Takes on the Free World. † Last modified may 28,2007. Accessed July 29, 2012. http://money. cnn. com. How to cite The World, Papers The world Free Essays There are too many parts In his recordings that do not make sense that lead me to my decision. The accounts of Pocahontas are a major factor that many say make Smiths works not credible. When John Smith was kidnapped by the King of the Photostat Tribe, Pocahontas’ dad, they were about to kill him then and there. We will write a custom essay sample on The world or any similar topic only for you Order Now Side note: they kidnapped Smith just to kill him instead of ailing him during the battle between Smiths men and the Native Americans. Why would they spear Smith’s life after they killed all his men? Anyways, right before the King his men were about to kill him, weapons drawn, this young girl Jumps in and shields Smith from the men. â€Å"Pocahontas with no appeal or petition got his head in her arms and laid her own upon his o save him from death. † She happened to be the king’s daughter. She was so brave that she risked her own life Just to save a stranger that was an enemy In her father’s eyes. But John Smith does not give us any time of season why Pocahontas did this for him because when Pocahontas covered him they didn’t kill him. Later in the story he records how after he was released, Pocahontas was providing him with food and other things so he wouldn’t starve to death. But yet again Smith doesn’t record why she is doing this for him, making a reader like me suspicious about his credibility. Maybe she had a crush on him but I don’t think they were secretly in love because she was probably too young for him. Throughout Smiths writings in â€Å"A General History’ his accounts of Pocahontas, e makes mostly everything seem to not be his fault. He doesn’t tell us or explains to us the wrong decisions he made that lead to his close encounters with death. He makes It seem like he was o innocent. He was proud, arrogant, and boastful, writing in 3rd person about himself, removing himself away from the narrative. He TLD care about the other tribes around his area, stealing food and necessities from them. Even though it was for the good of his own colony or group of people, it still isn’t right to steal from others and sin like that, then go on to write about Religion and how people should go about it in the â€Å"New World. Most likely the other tribes will fight back. I question if Smiths recordings of Pocahontas are real because how can Smith get kidnapped released all because a girl he never met shielded him. Pocahontas saved him and now he gets to go? Why didn’t the king search for him? It’s funny because Smith refers to the king as a devil and refers to the Native Americans as â€Å"Barbarians . † How was the King the devil if he spared your life and traded with your colony In the future? I think Smith was captured then released on a deal that was dad between him and the King, probably a deal to help the Photostat tribe out because Smith was a smart resourceful man. I don’t know why he had to put the Pocahontas story into his recordings instead of just telling the truth, because that accounts of Pocahontas in his 1607 recordings, but he mentions the Photostats. It wasn’t till his 1624 recordings 20+ years later, that he mentions Pocahontas long after she died. So now we don’t have any witnesses or any accounts from Pocahontas about what really happened or if the story is fabricated and never actually appended. I believe Smiths accounts in â€Å"A description of new England† are credible. He drew maps for future colonies and focused heavily on religion, encouraging people to come to the New World. But I do not think he cared about any of these things. He probably wanted people come to so he could make money by promoting the World, because maybe somebody was paying him. He probably sold the maps he drew to the people he was recruiting to come to the new World. To conclude my paper I tell you again that I do not believe that John Smith was a reducible writer. If he explained the things that happened in the Photostat tribe more thoroughly, I think I would have a change of mind about his credibility. Why would a young girl who is a stranger to Smith save his life twice for no reason? Why wouldn’t Smith explain why she does these things? The king released Smith and later became friends with him, why? That makes no sense. A normal person would be confused as am while reading this. As I said if one story isn’t believable, it makes me question all his other accounts of what happened. How to cite The world, Papers

Symbolism In The Lottery Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Symbolism In The Lottery Essay, Research Paper The Use of Symbolism in Shirley Jackson # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; The Lottery # 8221 ; Within the first few lines of Shirley Jackson # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; The Lottery # 8221 ; we are faced with such adjectives as clear, cheery, fresh and heat. She goes on to paint a image of little kids merely out of school for the summer, as the townsfolk gather for the one-year Lottery. This leads us to believe that the remainder of the narrative is every bit gay as the summer twenty-four hours ab initio described. We as the readers are virtually incognizant of the atrocious senseless events that lie in front. Through the usage of symbolism Shirley Jackson reveals the underlying decay of moralss that consequences from an empty rite followed by shockable people. Tessie Huchinson symbolizes the typical townsperson who lacks ethical motives and conforms to the multitudes. Upon debut she exudes a unworried attitude when she arrives tardily at the lottery, by jesting with Mr. Summers and pressing her hubby to, # 8220 ; Get up at that place? # 8221 ; when their name is called to pick ( Jackson 77 ) . Consequently, the minute she finds out that her hubby has the black point Tessie yells, # 8220 ; It wasn # 8217 ; t carnival! # 8221 ; ( Jackson 78 ) . Naturally, the remainder of the egoistic people urge her to # 8220 ; [ b ] e a good athletics # 8221 ; ( Jackson 78 ) . The most distressing event in the full narrative is when Tessie tries to acquire her older girls to be portion of the concluding picking, and is dissapointed when she is told that they are merely drawn with their hubbies. The lottery returns and Tessie is stoned to decease by her fellow neighbours. Shirley Jackson wants us to drift along with her cheerful narrative and be wholly appalled in the terminal at the entire loss of human decency. Although Tessie was non said to be spiritual, her name might hold been tied to a spiritual progressive named Anne Huchinson. # 8220 ; Anne was bani shed from Massuchusetts for # 8216 ; Trauding the curates # 8217 ; in 1637 # 8243 ; ( 6: 175 ) . Possibly Jackson was paralleling both Tessie being stoned and Anne being banished for mindless grounds. Symbolically the beat-up black box represents the decease that it brings to the community every bit good as a worn out tradition. The box is mentioned repeatedly throughout the narrative, which is a mark of its importance, although we are kept in the dark about its ultimate map until the really terminal. It is described as # 8220 ; ? no longer wholly black but splintered severely along one side to demo the original wood colour, and in some topographic points [ is ] faded or stained. # 8221 ; ( Jackson 75 ) . This seems to besides depict the lottery itself- old, faded, and stained with the blood of all those who have died in old ages by. Ironically, the black box used in the narrative was said non to be the original box and the documents that they used were replacements for the old wood french friess. This is a mark that the tradition is so old and meaningless that it can be invariably added to or taken away from. # 8220 ; Mr. Summers spoke often to the villag Ers about doing a new box, but no 1 liked to upset even every bit much tradition as was represented by the black box? [ and ] every twelvemonth the topic was allowed to melt off without anything being done† ( Jackson 75 ) . Possibly Mr. Summers’s thought symbolizes a demand for a new tradition. The diverse characters within the narrative represent assorted positions and thoughts in a symbolic mode. # 8220 ; The lottery was conducted-as were the square dances, the teen-age nine, the Halloween program-by Mr. Summers, who had clip and energy to give to civic activities # 8221 ; ( Jackson 74 ) . The last name # 8216 ; Summers # 8217 ; can evidently be connected to the season of summer, he besides runs a coal concern, his married woman is ever call on the carpeting him, and with his unit of ammunition gay face he seems to stand for something cheery and light, like the Sun. His character seems to Illuminate the surface tone of the narrative while at the same clip underscores the ultimate sarcasm. The adjectives used within the narrative to depict his demeanour were of peculiar involvement, for illustration # 8220 ; ? one manus resting heedlessly on the black box? as he talked endless to Mr. Graves? # 8221 ; ( Jackson 75 ) . He appears to be bored and put out with the whole event. Another good illustration of his attitude is when he says gravely, # 8220 ; conjecture we better get started, acquire this over with so # 8217 ; s we can travel back to work # 8221 ; ( Jackson 76 ) . This illustrates Mr. Summers # 8217 ; deficiency of empathy for his fellow townsfolk, whose destiny is in his custodies. Ironically his helpers name is Mr. Graves, which isn # 8217 ; t meaningful until the terminal. Mr. Summers is what you would name the Satan in camouflage, a cold heartless slayer. Old Man Warner # 8217 ; s character represents the stubborn, closed minded, old traditional manner of believing that applauds this mindless ritual. In mention to the remark made about topographic points up north giving up the lottery he comments, # 8220 ; Pack of brainsick saps? listening to the immature folks, nil # 8217 ; s good plenty for them. # 8221 ; His justification is, # 8220 ; There # 8217 ; s ever been a lottery # 8221 ; ( Jackson 77 ) . He has been involved in the lottery for 77 old ages, which has conditioned him to believe that they are making the right thing. As discussed in category, the subject to this narrative can be expressed within a quotation mark, # 8220 ; Although the villagers had forgotten the ritual and lost the original black box, they still remembered to utilize rocks # 8221 ; ( Jackson 79 ) . The tradition and its map had been forgotten yet these people still killed one of their friends every summer. Shirley Jackson symbolically paints us an unsettling portrayal of the loss of human decency that consequences when apparently civilised people ignorantly conform to the multitudes. # 8220 ; Hutchinson, Anne. # 8221 ; The New Encyclopedia Britannica. 1986. Jackson, Shirley. # 8220 ; The Lottery. # 8221 ; Literature and the Writing Process. Elizabeth Mc Mahan, Susan X Day, and Robert Funk. 5th erectile dysfunction. Upper Saddle River, New jersey: Prentice, 1999. 74-79.

To what extent can the tragedy of Eva Smith be blamed on the society in which she lived Essay Example

To what extent can the tragedy of Eva Smith be blamed on the society in which she lived Essay In this essay I will explain who I feel is most responsible for Eva Smiths death, by examining each characters contribution to the tragedy. I will also illustrate to what extent her death can be blamed on the society she lived in. In 1912 the society in which Eva Smith lived was very strict with a class system that split England up into wealthy and poor people with no classes dividing them. The sailing of the titanic was one of the feature points for that year. The navy was unchallenged and there were no help from the state to support the poor, no DHSS or NHS and the average life expectancy was around 46. There were advances in technology mass media being one, the developing of motorcars was introduced but only available for those who were rich enough to afford one. Trade unions had also started to gain power in the society, there were strikes from coal miners about work costs and conditions and the campaign for womens rights had begun. I will demonstrate what I think Mr Arthur Birling had to do with the death. He is a pompous, self-serving business man who seems to have a high opinion of himself. Mr Birling states for lower costs and higher prices. From this quote you can tell that all he is interested in is his business, money and himself and couldnt care less about anyone or anything. He also says I gather that there is a very good chance of knight hood this also tells us he is snobby and vain, and thinks his stature and class make him the best and his knighthood is what he really cares about. When the Inspector starts to ask him questions about Eva Smith he seems to remember her quite well and gives the Inspector a lot of information about her, he even said himself that she was a good worker. And was told by the leading operator in his factory that she was ready for promotion. He told the Inspector that it all started to go wrong for her when she came back from holiday in August, he said that her attitude had changed quite dramatically and she seemed rather restless within herself. We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent can the tragedy of Eva Smith be blamed on the society in which she lived specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent can the tragedy of Eva Smith be blamed on the society in which she lived specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent can the tragedy of Eva Smith be blamed on the society in which she lived specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Then out of no-where Eva and a group of girls asked Mr Birling for a pay rise of twelve and a half shillings, so that they could average twenty-five shillings a week. He had refused their demand and told them that it was a free country and if they wanted to go and work somewhere else they could. He basically was telling them they were sacked and to go and find another job. The women then decided to go on strike but as Mr Birling told us that the strike didnt last for long maybe a week or two, as they were all broke. At this time there were no work benefits so the workers had no help and just did what they were told to do. There was a class system and because the workers were lower class they had to respect their superiors i. e. their bosses. That was the last Mr Birling had seen or heard of Eva smith. I feel that Mr Birling is mainly to blame, as he had started a chain of reactions from sacking Eva. Sheila Birling. She is a pretty young girl in her early twenties; she is also well educated and has a rather pleasant and excited outlook on life. You can tell this from the beginning of the book, where the family are having dinner, Sheilas language and behaviour shows us that she was brought up in a high class way, the words she uses also state this like I should jolly well think not and she refers to her parents as mummy and daddy. Just from these two quotes it shows you that she has be taught proper English, she uses this throughout out the book. This also relates to class, as your upbringing depended on what class you where from. At first Sheila acts innocent and concerned as she is unaware of whom they are talking about. She thinks her dad is responsible for the girls death as he had taken her job away from her. Shelia is obviously concerned as she starts to ask the Inspector questions like what was she like, quite young? And when the Inspector tells her how old she was she asks the Inspector more questions like was she pretty? The name Eva Smith pops up again but still Sheila doesnt realise who it is, Sheila asks the Inspector what happened to the girl, after her Father had sacked her. The Inspector tells her that she had gone to work in a shop called Milwards a shop that Sheila had been going to of late. They carry on talking about Evas time at Milwards and then Sheila starts to realise that she might have met and had something to do with this girls death, so she asks the Inspector what she looked like. The Inspector took out a photograph from his pocket and showed it to Sheila, she noticed the face of this girl from one day at Milwards. Sheila then told the Inspector and the others what had happened between them. After Sheila tells the Inspector this she feels totally to blame and gets upset and if I could help her now I would this shows us that Sheila is sorry even though she is too late. But when the Inspector starts to ask more questions she then realises that her Father and her werent the only ones who had something to do with this girl. But out of all the characters she is the only person to show emotion towards Eva so I think that Sheila is still partly to blame but only due to her actions in Milwards. Now I will write about Gerald Croft, he is an attractive, well-bred chap about thirty and is the man-about-town. He met Eva when she had changed her name to Daisy Renton in the Stalls bar at the Palace Variety Theatre he said that I went down to the bar for a drink this shows he had no intentions of meeting anyone, only to have a nice quite drink he also claimed that Daisy looked young, fresh and charming and he saw that Alderman Meggarty had wedged her into a corner with his obscene fat carcass this girl had given him a look as though it was a cry for help, he decide to go and tell Alderman Meggarty that the manager had a message for him and him and girl then left. The night didnt end there though because they went onto the County Hotel a quieter place to drink, Eva didnt get drunk as it says she only had a port and lemonade which also shows that he never got her drunk and had no thought of to either. Heres where they arranged to meet again. Gerald allowed Daisy to survive a little longer. He was very generous to Daisy, providing her with enough money to survive and also free accommodation. Although he did eventually desert her, Daisy was prepared for this as their classes were very different Gerald was a wealthy upper class man and she was a lower class working women, in that time people were expected to know their place in society, so people from different classes were not allowed to get involved with each other as they would have been frowned upon by people in power due to the class system, and it was not as big a blow as her dismissal thanks to Sheila or the consequences of her later relationship with Eric. I believe that his initial intentions were good and he did not set out to have Daisy as his mistress, only wishing to free her from old Joe Meggarty A notorious womaniser. Gerald explains that after he had rescued her, he deliberately met Daisy a second time I discovered, not that night but Throughout this explanation Sheila seems relatively calm, considering the situation. She often adds sarcastic remarks such as Well we didnt think he meant Buckingham Palace. As already stated, I do not consider Gerald played a major part in Evas death but still contributed to it. When questioned by the Inspector, Mrs Sybil Birling immediately proclaims her innocence, denying she had anything to do with Eva Smith or Daisy Renton. The Inspector seems to carry out his duties in a most unusual manner and although the rest of the family seem quite aware of this, Mrs Birling seems totally unaware of his methods. Initially she is relaxed with an easy tone but after continual interruptions by Sheila with phrases like Mother, stop! she becomes very agitated wanting to prove her innocence. At one point she tries to intimidate the Inspector, in a similar manner to that of her husband, by commenting on the fact that they are upper class to get at the Inspector You know of course that my husband was Lord Mayor only two years ago this shows that she knows that she is going to have to explain what happened between her and Eva so she tries in every possible manner to o utwit the Inspector. Mrs Birling should have been less hasty in her judgement of Eva. Because she hadnt even met the girl and by giving her a second chance she could have saved the girls life. But Mrs Birling judged her on first impressions and I think that for a woman of her stature to do a thing like that is wrong. She should have know not to Judge a book by its cover but have at least talked to her before making a judgement on that note I think that this could have been the point that threw Eva over the edge and made her want to kill herself. Finally Eric, a man in his early twenties not a relaxed person half shy and half assertive. He is the person I believe to carry most of the blame; he could have been more honourable in many respects. (Like he could have ask her to marry him even though the class system wouldnt have allowed it, he shouldnt of stole money to give to her as this was the wrong way to give her some money, he shouldnt have got drunk and had a one night stand in the first place as this was frowned upon in the middle and upper classes. This was because the superiors thought that there shouldnt a mix in classes and they should be kept apart and to stay that way. When he comes in he knows that everybody knows about his relationship with Eva but still he asks who told his mother this and blames it on Sheila by saying you told her. Why you little sneak! This shows that he is trying to make out that what he had done with Eva had not come from his lips and so therefore wasnt one hundred percent true. I think that Eric is a sneaky person and the next quote shows this as his Father asks him where did you get fifty pounds from? This tells us that he had not told his Father about taking the money. He also thought that he could let Eva survive on the stolen money, but this soon changed when Eva found out and started to refuse it. When the Inspector questions him about the money he begins to try and cover his tracks as when the question you mean-you stole the money? gets asked he replies not really and tells the Inspector that he intended to pay it back This tells us that he has lied and is now trying to cover it up. Once everything about Erics and the others encounters with Eva had come out the Inspector decides to leave. Leaving them in a muddle blaming the girls death on each other. Although Eva was partly responsible for her own downfall, others were also to blame and to a certain extent, she was also a victim of circumstances in the society in which she lived. At the end of the day I cannot prove which character is most responsible for Eva Smiths death because they all have equally contributed to it. Arthur, Sheila, Gerald, Eric and Sybil are all as responsible as one another. Not at any point in Evas life did either of them take her feelings into consideration but continued to carry out their own lives, not caring for anyone except from themselves. In all Honesty I truly think that Mr Birling is the character to blame as if he never sacked Eva in the first place, then the chain of events that followed would have never happened and Eva would never have committed suicide. I feel that I have shown that everybody in the Birling household and Gerald Croft were partly to blame for Eva Smiths death. As well the society in which she lived plays a major part in her tragedy. I think that throughout the book the author is trying to put this idea across in his amazing portrayal of what could happen if we do not act as a community but as individuals. Her death was provoked by a chain of events that started with her getting sacked from two jobs then being deserted, used for sex, and then to be turned away from a helping charity. These events built up enough pressure to make her kill herself, as she did not have anything left to aim for, no job, money, turned away from help and no one to love. If Mr Birling hadnt of sacked her in the first place, then none of these other events would have happened.

Funny Quotes From Famous People

Funny Quotes From Famous People It is amazing how some people know when and how to be funny. Perhaps it is their sparkling wit, casual demeanor, or caustic remarks that made them famously funny. Or perhaps, its the subjects they chose to comment upon. If you can find something meaningful to say about basic human emotions and foibles- vanity, self-importance, love, attraction, commercialism, and even lust- in a biting but funny way, your words are likely to stir emotions in your listeners or readers and be remembered. So it is with the quotes from the famous people on this list. The quotes represented below are an eclectic mix of comedians, authors, playwrights, and even a well-known existential philosopher. Life and Success Charles Schulz My life has no purpose, no direction, no aim, no meaning, and yet Im happy. I cant figure it out. What am I doing right? J. P. Getty â€Å"My formula for success is rise early, work late, and strike oil.† Reba McEntire To succeed in life, you need three things: a wishbone, a backbone, and a funny bone. James A. Garfield Man cannot live by bread alone; he must have peanut butter. Lies and Self-Deprecation Thomas Sowell It takes considerable knowledge just to realize the extent of your own ignorance. Oscar Wilde I am so clever that sometimes I dont understand a single word of what I am saying. Mel Brooks I have always been a huge admirer of my own work. Im one of the funniest and most entertaining writers I know. S.E. Hinton I lie to myself all the time. But I never believe me. Abraham Lincoln No man has a good enough memory to be a successful liar. Mark Twain Get your facts first, then you can distort them as you please. Insults Groucho Marx I never forget a face, but in your case, Ill be glad to make an exception. W. C. Fields I once spent a year in Philadelphia, I think it was on a Sunday. George Bernard Shaw He who can does- he who cannot, teaches. Love and Attraction Jay Leno [Putting his arms around British personality and food journalist Nigella Lawson] My wife is going to kill me. But you look like my wife, so thats OK! Jerry Seinfeld Where lipstick is concerned, the important thing is not color, but to accept Gods final word on where your lips end. George Bernard Shaw Dancing is a perpendicular expression of a horizontal desire. Ambrose Bierce Love: A temporary insanity curable by marriage. Sen. Ted Kennedy Shes a wonderful, wonderful person, and were looking to a happy and wonderful night- ah, life. Insanity Cary Grant Insanity runs in my family. It practically gallops. Oscar Levant Roses are red, violets are blue, Im schizophrenic, and so am I. Aging, Happiness, and Health Luis Bunuel Age is something that doesnt matter unless you are a cheese. George Burns Happiness is having a large, loving, caring, close-knit family in another city. Mark Twain The only way to keep your health is to eat what you dont want, drink what you dont like, and do what youd rather not. Money Pablo Picasso Id like to live like a poor man- only with lots of money. Politics Mark Twain Reader, suppose you were an idiot. And suppose you were a member of Congress. But I repeat myself. Sen. Bob Dole Our intent will not be to create gridlock. Oh, except maybe from time to time. Television Groucho Marx I find television very educating. Every time somebody turns on the set, I go into the other room and read a book. Miscellaneous Jim Carrey Behind every great man is a woman rolling her eyes. Henny Youngman If youre going to do something tonight that youll be sorry for tomorrow morning, sleep late. Steve Martin A day without sunshine is like, you know, night. Josh Billings Every man has his follies- and often they are the most interesting thing he has got. Anthony Burgess Laugh and the world laughs with you, snore and you sleep alone. W. H. Auden We are all here on earth to help others; what on earth the others are here for I dont know.

Strategic Management Case Study Write up Schon Klinik-Eating Disorder Assignment

Strategic Management Case Study Write up Schon Klinik-Eating Disorder - Assignment Example During the last 11 years, it was able to add 8 more hospitals from 7 and its annual revenue rapidly tripled. The level of occupancy rates has been maintained by the means of expertise in particular conditions and brand recognition in Schon Hospital. The Schà ¶n Klinik patients in 2012, about 20% had private health insurance where the typical German hospital had only 10%.(Porter, Stanton & Howman, 2013). The introduction of a culture by Fechner’s slogan †Measurable Tangible Better† has become an ideal prospect for Schà ¶n Klinik.As a result of poor established therapy in eating disorders, Schà ¶n Klink’s validated a systematic approaches on treatment and improvements in patient support. The hospital has been able to implement on outcome measurement where every clinician is required to measure results. The patient-reported experience measures implemented, where all patients admitted to Schà ¶n Klinik are required to complete a survey on arrangement of care, how they are treated by staff, hospital ambience, meals and information provided, resulting in a substantial rate of reviews from the patients (Porter, Stanton & Howman, 2013). The reviews from various sites of the hospital has helped the management to identify areas of weaker performance and proposing ideas on effective procedures giving the clinic a competitive advantage. Schon uses the outcome information with other stakeholders to evaluate care processes and new treatments in terms of their cost and clinical impact by suggesting approaches for improvement. Thus, ensuring the adoption of clinicians’ responsibility in their respective areas in the hospitals. The Schon’s model for delivering care for eating disorders consists of a baseline set of surveys which are done instantly following admission and the other set one week prior to discharge. The patients undergo a structured interview of Anorexic and Bulimic Syndromes (SIAB-S). Further, every day a patient’s BMI and weight are recorded and

Fast food in American culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fast food in American culture - Essay Example n American eats at a fast food restaurant is probably four to five times a week indicating towards the trends that people do basically not prefer to cook at their own homes. (Counihan) The history of fast food in America is almost 70 years old when during the first half of the 20th century; an individual with the name of Carl Karcher started to sell the hot dogs and other fast food products. This was basically to provide the speedy service to the customers and it gradually became the main characteristics of the American life also which value speed and efficiency much. It is therefore important to note that fast food has some deep impacts on the way American life actually work and how the common Americans act and respond in certain situations. Fast food as the name suggests is the food which can be prepared and served very quickly however, it is also important to note that any meal which is prepared within shortest possible time can be considered as fast food. Fast food is served over small kiosks or through restaurants and some of the best restaurants offer fast food through their chains. McDonalds, KFC, Burger King are some of the fast food chains offering different kind of burgers and sandwiches as well as other fast food stuff including coffee also. Coupled with the business of fast food chains is the concept of franchising wherein the fast food restaurants basically sell their ideas and operational secrets to whoever purchase the franchise and sell under the same name. The rapid spread of fast food culture and restaurants is mostly a result of the process of franchising wherein the original owners of the restaurants provided the support; brand name and recipes to franchisees in order sell the similar product. The culture of fast food eating also flourished as the US economy started to grow and the average hourly rates of common Americans increased. This increase in the income of the persons actually allowed them to afford the luxury of eating out and thus

Information Technology- Information Retrieval Annotated Bibliography

Information Technology- Information Retrieval - Annotated Bibliography Example In this article, Chowdhury, Gibb and Landoni assess the ease at which a group of users is able to access information from a given source. This article is supported by a quantitative analysis conducted on users to support the necessity of considering uncertainties in the design of an information system. This article is useful in my case since it justifies the need for conducting studies on information retrieval and the possible risks involved. This article is a documentation of the development in the computing industry and the strategies implemented in adapting to changes in the field. Liu, McMahon and Culley describe the processes that led to the development of SDR technology. In the article, the authors explain the reasons behind development of the information retrieval (IR) technologies, such as incompatibility of files between the traditional and modern systems. This paper justifies the existence of the SDR in the engineering filed and its purpose in information retrieval. This article provides information on the challenges that led to the development of a better-structured information retrieval system. According to Tu and Seng, works involving IT technologies in the education sector is one of the fastest growing ventures. The article in question represents a collection of ideas from comprehensive studies in the information technology filed. The article by Tu and Seng is an attempt to congregate information on the information retrieval subject with considerations to current operational systems. The intelligence gathered exposes the need for continued studies in the information retrieval field. This article is useful in my study for it shows that perfection in the information retrieval subject has not yet been attained, there exists challenges. The article presents an exhaustive tutorial on the basics of applying information retrieval techniques to acquire useful information on a

An overview of New Zealand: History and culture

An overview of New Zealand: History and culture This paper is a report on the various factors that make up New Zealand. You will find discussions of the history, significant locations, government, economy, tourism, and food. History New Zealand became a recognized location in 1840 when the British made it part of their empire (History, n.d.). The Maori people were the first inhabitants of the islands in the tenth century, but they were flooded by the British culture later on. New Zealand was first discovered by European explorers in 1642; however, then encounter ended in bloodshed. The next meeting took place over one hundred years later in 1769 when both the French and British arrived without each other’s’ knowing. They began trade with the Maori people, who valued highly the arrival of weapons and began the Musket Wars among enemy tribes (The History, 2014). The British developed their plans to colonize New Zealand as they heard rumors of France’s similar ideas (The History, 2014). In 1840, many chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi with the British Crown. This established British law in New Zealand and created a large basis for what the country is known to be today (History, n.d.). However, with the large influx of British settlers, many hostilities grew and began the New Zealand Wars, or the Land Wars, for twenty years. By 1870, Britain withdrew its troops, â€Å"not wishing to invest any further in a costly overseas war which was likely to continue indefinitely† (The History, 2014). Today, â€Å"New Zealand†¦is an independent nation within the British Commonwealth† (The History, 2014). This means that although the country is under the British Monarch, New Zealand has its own active administration for government (The History, 2014). Map (NZ Map, 2014) Government â€Å"New Zealand is a democratic country in which the Members of Parliament (MPs) are chosen in free and fair elections† (NZ’s System, 2014). Parliament is made up of the House of Representatives and the Governor-General. The House of Representatives consists of 120 members, while the Governor-General is a representative of the Queen. The 120 members are elected by vote and are allowed in office for a term of three years. They hold the New Zealand government accountable for its actions and policies and pass laws over the unwritten constitution. New Zealand is defined as a constitutional monarchy, and so they have Queen Elizabeth II as the Head of State. The Queen and Governor-General â€Å"remain politically neutral and do not get involved in the political contest† (NZ’s System, 2014). New Zealand also has lower levels of government bodies, such as territorial local authorities, district health boards, and school boards of trustees (NZ’s System, 20 14). Economy With a population of around four and a half million, their current GDP is around $132 billion at a 2.5% growth (New Zealand). A third of this GDP is made up by the export of goods and services. New Zealand’s economy runs on free market principles through a mixed economy. Its three largest economic sectors are manufacturing, services, and agricultural (Overview, 2014). New Zealand’s currency is called the Kiwi dollar and was â€Å"amongst the top 25 sovereign currencies in the world† at the end of 2012 (Economic Overview, 2014). Today, the Kiwi dollar equals about $1.29 in US Dollars (Rates Table, 2014). Visiting Cities Auckland – While it is the largest city in New Zealand, home to over one and a half million people, it is not the capital. Auckland is located near the top of the North Island and is the main transport hub into the country. Its location touches into beaches and rainforests, but also volcanic areas. The region has 48 volcanic cones, which provide for great views of the city and harbor (Destinations, n.d.). Rororua – This city is south of Auckland, but is still on the North Island. â€Å"Rotorua is known for bubbling mud pools, shooting geysers and natural hot springs, as well as showcasing [their] fascinating Maori culture† (Destinations, n.d.). The bubbling mud pools are caused by the Pacific Rim of Fire: a â€Å"geothermal wonderland.† With the surrounding nature, Rotorua is a home-away-from-home for many adventure activists. It has world-class mountain bike trails, as well as horse riding, lake swimming, bungy jumping, ziplining, and more (Destinations, n.d.). Napier – This city is located within Hawke’s Bay of New Zealand. It is known mostly for its art, architecture, culture, and history of the 1930s. The reason for this is that an incredible 7.9 earthquake hit Hawke’s Bay destroying a vast majority of Napier’s buildings and killed almost 260 people. â€Å"Rebuilding began almost immediately, and much of it was completed in two years† (Destinations, n.d.). Wellington – According to Lonely Planet, Wellington is â€Å"the coolest little capital in the world.† It is located at the southern end of the North Island touching the harbor. It is known for its arts and heritage with many museums, art galleries and theatres. This city continues the adventure with more mountain bike trails and kayaking. New Zealand’s national museum, Te Papa Tongarewa, is located in Wellington too (Destinations, n.d.). Christchurch – This city is fairly large taking over a majority of the middle of the South Island. It lies along the ocean and touches the Alps. To the 340,000 residents of the city, it is known as ‘The Garden City.’ While this location continues the historic beauty and forest-filled adventure, much was destroyed in 2011 from an earthquake. A large portion of the neo-gothic architecture in the central city was ruined along with many other buildings. Despite the destruction, Christchurch still hosts much beauty and fun. A special attraction is the Orana Wildlife Park, which is an open range zoo (Destinations, n.d.)! Queenstown – This is the southern-most city to be visited on the trip in the South Island. According to New Zealand Tourism, Queenstown has become â€Å"world famous for its iconic scenery, friendly people, golf courses, wineries†¦bungy jumping, sky diving, canyon swinging, jet boating, horse trekking, and river rafting all year round† (Destinaitons, n.d.). Currently, most notably, area around Queenstown is recognized as the makings of Lord of the Rings, with locations that helped to create Middle-earth. Queenstown is clearly the most visited location in the country with a population of 19,200, but over two million visitors every year (Destinations, n.d.). NZ Tourism In 2011, New Zealand hosted over two and a half million visitors, and has expected that number to grow by over 650,000 each year (Tourism Factsheet, 2012). With tourists from around the world, there are some key differences to New Zealand (Key NZ, n.d.). The currency is a dollar, but the make-up is different from that of the US. New Zealand has coins valuing 10, 20, and 50 cents as well as $1 and $2 – then bills of $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100. Banking is generally the same and allows for exchanging currencies (Key NZ, n.d.). For driving, the lanes are swapped with drivers on the left side of the road. New Zealand also uses the metric system, where travel is measured in kilometers instead of miles. Other driving laws are the same: must wear a seat belt, no mobile phone usage, and no drinking and driving. Visitors from other countries can drive in New Zealand for up to 12 months with their home country license (Key NZ, n.d.). New Zealand entertainment is made up of three parts: food, spirits, and fun. The cuisine style is tied to mostly Eurasian countries like Thailand, Malaysia, Polynesia, and most of Europe. New Zealand is most well-known for meats like lamb, pork, and venison, as well as seafood such as salmon, crayfish, bluff oysters, mussels, and scallops. The wines of New Zealand are remarkable and are desired around the world. While people in the US must be 21 to drink alcohol, they must only be 18 in New Zealand. Also, unlike than many states in the US, New Zealand has six different casinos throughout the country (Key NZ, n.d.). Aside from all of the scenic adventures in the forests, beaches, mud pools, etc., New Zealand played host to the Lord of the Rings films. â€Å"Since 2004, an average of 47,000 international visitors each year have visited a film location† (Sector Marketing, 2013). Another small, but notable difference is the time zone. â€Å"New Zealand is one of the first places in the world to see the new day† – being 12 hours ahead of the GMT (Key NZ, n.d.). In comparison to the US, New Zealand is 18 hours ahead. A shocking factor when traveling to and from New Zealand is losing and gaining a day, which happens because of crossing the International Date Line. While this time difference is very large, a similarity is the use of daylight savings time, which a majority of the rest of the world does not use (Key NZ, n.d.). Food Delicacies In the Maori culture, a hangi feast is recommended (Destinations, n.d.). The hangi is a method of cooking, which has been used by the Maori for over 2000 years. To cook the food, it is placed in a pit oven which has heated rocks buried inside. While it is a well-known way of cooking, it has become very traditional and is only used on special occasions. The style of cooking is typically used for chicken, seafood, and vegetables, but can also be used for steamed pudding (Food Wine, n.d.). New Zealand has some of the most famous seafood in the world. Marlborough green-lipped mussels are not only delicious, but are known to have health benefits such as arthritis relief. Bluff oysters are especially desired in New Zealand and around the world – they even have their own festival in May: the Bluff Oyster and Food Festival. New Zealand also hosts a scallop festival in September called the Whitianga Scallop Festival. The forth seafood delicacy is called Whitebait. They are tiny fish caught during the springtime and are often made into fritters (Food Wine, n.d.). Works Cited Destinations. (n.d.) Retrieved December 29, 2014 from http://www.newzealand.com/us/destinations/ Economic Overview. (28 Oct, 2014). Retrieved December 29, 2014 from https://www.newzealandnow.govt.nz/investing-in-nz/opportunities-outlook/economic-overview Food Wine. (n.d.). Retrieved December 29, 2014 from http://www.newzealand.com/us/feature/favourite-new-zealand-foods/ History. (n.d.). Retrieved December 29, 2014 from http://www.newzealand.com/int/history/ Key New Zealand Facts and Information. (n.d.). Retrieved December 29, 2014 from http://www.tourism.net.nz/new-zealand/about-new-zealand/keyfacts.html New Zealand. (n.d.). Retrieved December 29, 2014 from http://www.heritage.org/index/country/newzealand New Zealand Map. (20 Nov, 2014). Retrieved December 29, 2014 from http://www.mapsofworld.com/newzealand/ New Zealand’s System of Government. (19 Dec, 2014). Retrieved December 29, 2014 from http://www.elections.org.nz/voting-system/new-zealands-system-government Overview of the New Zealand Economy. (9 Apr, 2014). Retrieved December 29, 2014 from http://www.treasury.govt.nz/economy/overview Rates Table. (29 Dec, 2014). Retrieved December 29, 2014 from http://www.x-rates.com/table/?from=USDamount=1.00 Sector Marketing: Information on key tourism and special interest sectors. (10 Apr, 2013). Retrieved December 29, 2014 from http://www.tourismnewzealand.com/sector-marketing/film-tourism/fast-facts/ The History of New Zealand: a brief overview of the pre-historic, colonial and modern periods. (29 Dec, 2014). Retrieved December 29, 2014 from http://history-nz.org/ Tourism Factsheet. (9 Aug, 2012). Retrieved December 29, 2014 from http://www.immigration.govt.nz/migrant/general/generalinformation/media/tourism+factsheet.htm

Identity Essay -- Identity character literature self

Identity is a state of mind in which someone recognizes/identifies their character traits that leads to finding out who they are and what they do and not that of someone else. In other words it's basically who you are and what you define yourself as being. The theme of identity is often expressed in books/novels or basically any other piece of literature so that the reader can intrigue themselves and relate to the characters and their emotions. It's useful in helping readers understand that a person's state of mind is full of arduous thoughts about who they are and what they want to be. People can try to modify their identity as much as they want but that can never change. The theme of identity is a very strenuous topic to understand but yet very interesting if understood. How the Garcia Girls Lost Their Accents by Julia Alvarez and Farewell to Manzanar by Jeanne Wakatsuki are two remarkable books that depict the identity theme. They both have to deal with people that have an identit y that they've tried to alter in order to become more at ease in the society they belong to. The families in these books are from a certain country from which they're forced to immigrate into the United States due to certain circumstances. This causes young people in the family trauma and they must try to sometimes change in order to maintain a comfortable life. Both authors: Alvarez and Houston have written their novels Is such an exemplifying matter that identity can be clearly depicted within characters as a way in adjusting to their new lives. How the Garcia Girls Lost Their Accents by Julia Alvarez is a tale of four girls who are forced to leave their country, Dominican Republic. This occurred because their father got into police problems ... ... true American and she has neglected who she really was. Jeanne is a different person but as she grew and became more mature through her experiences she realizes that she can't transform her identity no matter how hard she tried. The theme of identity was clearly stated in How the Garcia Girls Lost Their Accents by Julia Alvarez and Farewell to Manzanar by Jeanne Wakatsuki. In both novels families are forced to emigrate from their homeland as an act of protection. As the main characters try to adjust themselves into their new surroundings they undergo extreme pressure into trying to remain comfortable and stable in such a way that their identity (who they are) changes. But once they go back to their homeland and these characteristics are soon acknowledged by them and they then realize that you can't change who you are and your identity well always remain the same.

Mass Communications Essay

Advertisers have only one mission to achieve and that is to attract attention of possible buyers so that this attention can translate into the actual buying of a product or service. With this objective in mind, advertisers depend very much on projecting their advertisements that adhere to motivations and stimulus of their target market. When advertisers know what things catches a woman’s attention, they are sure to be able to communicate their other messages afterwards. For example, for products and services that target the women market, advertisers approach advertising activities on things that will make women stop, look and listen. For young adults, it would be handsome men, beautiful clothes and anything that is consistent with prevailing fads. Motivations for older women would be handsome men, anything for their families’ well being, anything to preserve youth and beauty. Besides physical points that advertisers use to lure attention, there are other factors that help advertisers reach more audiences and that is to project interesting and convincing topics such as cause oriented, value driven campaigns. Some products such as Body Shop advertise their support for women entrepreneurs worldwide. Products stamped with ‘organically grown’, ‘baby-friendly’ or ‘smoke-free’ attract women who are health and family oriented. Some advertisements such as beauty products get prominent doctors to endorse their products and this adheres to the safety issues that their women market is privy of. Three ads that catch my appeal are Body Shop, Apple Macbook and Dove Soap. Least appealing to me are Guess Jeans, car ads with sexy girls sitting on the cars and the Marlboro ads. Looking into the list above, I realize that the advertisements I find appealing are the advertisements that insert social concern and value to women as part of the company’s corporate mission and vision. Body Shop products are similar to other beauty products but their advertisement of helping suppliers from third world countries strike a chord inside me. Dove Soap commercials promote women’s preservation of beauty that does not need surgery or alterations. For me, Dove Soap advertisements adhere to my own idea of ageless beauty. Stereotyping is often used in advertisements because it reaches more people who usually have the same notion of what men are, of what cars are and what women are. I believe that using women’s body or men’s body as a means to attract attention to a product or service is poor taste. It appeals to instincts and therefore borders the animalistic nature of the people that should not be turned on because it is almost like regressing to becoming an animal once again. A â€Å"bad ads† are advertisements that are tasteless. They do not respect any culture and would trample on the sensitivities of people’s lives and uniqueness just to get attention. These ads get attention no matter what. Advertisers of bad ads believe that bad or good publicity is still publicity. â€Å"Bad ads† do not have any effort to invest on social responsibility. It is unfortunate that ‘bad ads’ proliferate more than ‘good ads’ because they actually are the ones who catch more attention just by the mere fact that they are bad. Bad ads catch the attention of both informed and misinformed consumers therefore bad ads must be regulated and policed. The power of advertisers is tremendous in terms of communicating beliefs and ideas to the mass audience. As for my part, I have to remain vigilant against advertisements that might catch my attention but have hidden persuasions that will lead to losing the treasured values I have. Especially being a woman myself, my support to bad ads will only hurt my own disposition and respectability as a woman. If I would want to be treated right, I must support advertisements that respect the role of women rather than abuse it. References: Body Shop Commercial Atwan, Robert. 1979. Edsels, Luckies, and Frigidaires: advertising the American way. New York: Dell Publishing Co., Cohn, David L. 1940. The Good Old Days: a history of American morals and manners as seen through the Sears, Roebuck Catalogs 1905 to the present. New York: Simon and Schuster Evans, George Heberton, Jr. 1948. Business Incorporations in the United States, 1800-1943. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.,

Plasmodium

Life Cycle of Plasmodium vivax (Malarial Parasite) Systematie Position Kingdom      :      Protista Phylum          :      Protozoa Class               :      Sporozoa Genus             :      Plasmodium Species          :      vivax Habit s and habitat:- Plasmodium is an intracellular sporozoan parasite causing malaria in man. The parasite lives in the RBC’s and liver cells of man and alimentary canal and salivary glands of female Anopheles mosquito. Structure:- Structure of plasmodium is different stages of its life cycle. A fully grown malarial parasite is amoeboid and uninucleated structure known as trophozoite.Trophozoite is surrounded by double layered plasma lemma. Cytoplasm contains Palade’s granules, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, mitochondria, vesicles and vacuoles having haemozoin. Cytoplasm contains nucleus having nucleolus and granular nucleoplasm. Life Cycle of  Plasmodium  vivax Hosts:- Plasmodiu m completes its lifecycle in two hosts (digenetic): Man and female Anopheles mosquito. 1. Primary or definitive host: Female Anopheles mosquito is the primary host of Plasmodium in which it completes its sexual life cycle. 2. Secondary or Intermediate host: Man is the secondary host of plasmodium in which it completes its asexual life cycle.The lifecycle of Plasmodium can be divided into three phases: 1. Asexual sehizogony 2. Sexual gamogony 3. Asexual sporogony ASEXUAL CYCLE OF Plasmodium, IN MAN Infective form of Plasmodium is known as sporozoites. Sporozoites are 11-12 µ long slender, uni-nucleated. Sickle-shaped structure present in the salivary glands of infected mosquito. When an infected female Anopheles mosquito bites a healthy man, a large number of sporozoites enter into the blood stream of man. Within half an hour, sporozoites enter the liver cells and undergo asexual multiplication called schizogony. 1. Asexual Schizogony:-Schizogony is the asexual phase of reproductio n of Plasmodium. It takes place in liver cells and RBC’s of man. Schizogony can be divided into following phases: a) Pre-erythrocytic schizogony b) Exo-erythrocytic schizogony c) Erythrocytic schizogony d) Post- erythrocytic schizogony a. Pre-erythrocytic schizogony: In the liver cells, sporozoites grow to form a large and spherical schizont. Schizont divides by multiple fission and forms a large number of cryptozoites. They may either pass into the blood circulation to start erythrocytic schizogony or enter fresh liver cells to start Exo-erythrocytic schizogony.Pre-erythrocytic schizogony takes 8 days to complete. b. Exo-erythrocytic schizogony: After re-entering fresh liver cell each cryptozoites divides to form a large number of metacryptozoites similar to pre-erythrocytic schizogony. Meta-cryptozoites are two types: Smaller micro-metacryptozoites and larger macro-metacryptozoites. The micro-metacryptozoites enter the RBC’s to start erythrocytic schizogony, while th e macro-metacryptozoites invade fresh liver cells to continue exo-erythrocytic schizogony. It takes normally 4 days to complete. c. Erythrocytic schizogony:-As stated above, the erythrocytic schizogony begins when the RBC’s of blood are attacked either by pre-erythrocytic cryptozoites or by exo-erythrocytic micro-metacryptozoites. It takes normally in 8 to 12 days after above 2 phases. Stages of erythrocytic schizogony are: i. Trophozoite Stage:- The merozoites (cryptozoites and micro- metacryptozoites) after entering into the blood stream, feed on erythrocytes, become rounded and modify into trophozoite. ii. Signet Ring Stage:- As the merozoites grow a vacuole appears in the center and the nucleus is pushed to one side.It gives a ring like appearance and known as signet ring stage. The parasite ingests haemoglobin and decomposes it into protein and haematin. Protein is use as food whereas unused haematin forms toxic. Yellowish brown malarial pigment, haemozoin. iii. Amoeboid Stage: – As the signet ring parasite grows, vacuole disappears and the parasite becomes amoeboid in appearance, thrusting out pseudopodial processes. This stage is called amoeboid stage. At this stage RBC develops numerous granules, the Schuffner’s granules. iv. Schizont Stage:- Parasite grows in size, becomes rounded and almost completely fills the RBC called Schizont. . Rosette Stage:- The nucleus of schizont divides by multiple fission to form 6 to 24 daughter nuclei. These nuclei arrange at the periphery, while the toxic haemozoin granules accumulate at the center of RBC. It appears as a flower rose, so called rosette stage. Nuclei of rosette stage are surrounded by a little cytoplasm and are develop into merozoites. With the rupture of the RBC, these merozoites are liberated into the blood plasma along with toxic haemozoin. These normally attack fresh RBC’s to repeat the erythrocytic cycle or may change into gametocytes.One complete erythrocytic cycle take s 48 hours in Plasmodium vivax. d. Post-erythrocytic schizogony:- Sometimes, some merozoites produced in erythrocytic schizogony reach the liver cells and undergo schizogony development in liver cells. This is called post-erythrocytic schizogony. SEXUAL CYCLE OF Plasmodium in MAN 2. Sexual Gamogony:- Formulation of gametocytes: After many generations in about 4-5 is the blood some merozoites increase in size to form two types of gametocytes; larger macro (9-10 µ), less numerous and contain large nucleus.Macro gametocytes are larger (10-12 µ), more numerous and contain smaller nucleus. SEXUAL CYCLE OF Plasmodium IN MOSQUITO When a female Anopheles sucks the blood of a malaria patient, the gametocytes reach the stomach of mosquito and formation of gametes take palace as follows: a. Gametogenesis (gemetogony) : Process of formulation of gametes (male and female gametes). i. Formulation of male gametes: The nucleus of microgametocyte divides to form 6-8 daughter nuclei. The cytoplas m gives out same number of flagella like projections and daughter nuclei enter in each projection.These projections separate from the cytoplasm and form 6-8 haploid microgamete or male gametes. This process of formation of microgamete is called exflagellation. ii. Formation of female gamete:- The mega gametocyte undergoes some reorganization to form a single haploid mega gamete or female gamete which is ready for fertilization. b. Fertilization: The male gamete enters the female gamete through the fertilization cone formed at female gamete and form diploid zygote or synkaryon. Fusion is anisogamous. c. Ookinete stage:The zygote remains inactive for sometimes and then elongates into a worm like Ookinete or vermicule, which is motile. The Ookinete penetrates the stomach wall and comes to lie below its outer epithelial layer. d. Oocyst stage: The Ookinete gets enclosed in a cyst. The encysted zygote is called Oocyst. The Oocyst absorbs nourishment and grows in size. 3. Asexual Sporogon y The nucleus of Oocyst divides repeatedly to form a large number of haploid daughter nuclei. At the same time, the cytoplasm develops vacuoles and gives numerous cytoplasmic masses.The daughter nuclei pass into each cytoplasmic mass and develop into slender sickle-shaped sporozoites are formed in each Oocyst. This phase of asexual multiplication is known as sporogony. Lastly, the Oocyet brusts and sporozoites are liberated into the haemolymph of the mosquito. They spread throughout the haemolymph and eventually reach the salivary glands and enter the duct of the hypopharyx. The mosquito is now becomes infective and sporozoites get inoculated or injected the human blood when the mosquito bites. The cycle is repeated. In mosquito whole sexual cycle is completed in 10-12 days.Incubation period: The period between infection and the appearance of first symptoms is called incubation period. It is about 10-14 days in Plasmodium vivax. Pre-patent period: The duration between the initial sp orozoites infection and the first appearance of parasites in the blood is called as pre-patent period. It takes about 8 days in Plasmodium vivax. Symptoms of malaria †¢ Mouth becomes dry, nausea and loss of appetite †¢ Headache, muscular pain and joint pain †¢ Chill, fever (106 ° F) and sweating all every 48 hours. †¢ Chill to sweating lasts for 8-10 hours. Liver and spleen become enlarged. †¢ Due to loss of RBC’s anaemia is caused. Control of malaria Malaria can be controlled by three ways 1. Destruction of vector 2. Prevention of infection(prophylaxis) 3. Treatment of patient 4. Public awareness 1. Destruction of vector (Anopheles mosquito) †¢ Mosquito can be killed by spraying DDT, BHC, Dieldrin, Malathion etc. †¢ Filling up ditches, gutters and pits where the mosquito breeds. †¢ Water surface can be poisoned by spreading kerosene oil, petroleum etc. †¢ A speedly flow of water prevents the mosquito larva and pupa flourishing. Biological control: Certain fishes (trouts, minnows, stickle back), ducks, dragon flies etc feed on larva and pupa of mosquito. 2. Prevention of infection (Prophylaxis) †¢ Use of mosquito nets. †¢ Screening doors, windows and ventilators. †¢ Using mosquito repellent creams (e. g. odomus), anti mosquito mat (e. g. Supermat) etc. 3. Treatment of patient: There are several drugs that kill different stages of parasite in patient. The oldest drug is Quinine; Paludrine kills almost all stages of parasite. Daraprism (single dose of 25 mg) is the most effective drug.Write short note on Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium falciparum causes malignant tertian type of malaria. Fever reccurs every second or third day, that is, after 36 to 48 hours. Death rate is very high because the infected red blood corpuscles tend to clump into masses, thus blocking up small blood vessels of internal organs, such as brain, spleen, lungs, etc. It is also known as the tropical epidemic malaria of m an. Exo-erythrocytic schizogony is absent in P. falciparum. Read more:  http://www. hsebguides. com/2012/04/plasmodium-vivax-malarial-parasite. html#ixzz2G57xlaK6

A Beginners Guide to Identifying Trees in Winter

A Beginner's Guide to Identifying Trees in Winter Identifying a dormant tree is not nearly as complicated as it might seem at first glance. Winter tree identification will demand some dedication to applying the necessary practice to improve the skill of identifying trees without leaves. But if you follow my instructions and use your powers of observation you will find a pleasurable and beneficial way to enhance your skills as a naturalist- even in the dead of winter. Learning to identify a tree without leaves can immediately make your growing season trees easier to name. Using Botanical Markers and Tree Characteristics for Winter Tree Identification Dont be fooled into thinking that a twig key is the only answer when identifying a dormant tree. Your overall observation skills and sizing up a tree will be invaluable even as the twig key is tucked away in your warm library. A trees crown can give you valuable clues to finding a trees botanical name by unique crown shape, fruit and/or their leftover containers, persistent leaves, live twigs and growth habit. Get to know a trees characteristics or markers. Examining a Tree Twig for Winter Tree Identification To use a tree twig key means learning a twigs botanical parts. A key can help you identify a tree to the specific species by asking two questions where you can affirm one and eliminate the other. This is called a dichotomous key. Become familiar with a tree twigs characteristics. Using Alternate and Opposite Tree Leaf and Twig Arrangement for Winter Tree Identification Most tree twig keys start with the arrangement of leaf, limb, and buds. Determining opposite and alternate arrangements is the primary first separation of the most common tree species. You can eliminate major blocks of trees just by observing its leaf and twig arrangement. Identifying a dormant tree can be a visual challenge. Visit the  gallery of winter photos that illustrate many subtle botanical clues exhibited by dormant trees. Naturalist Josh Sayers has developed his Portrait of the Earth photo resource for identifying trees in winter. It may help to use this and other resources as you learn about trees and their dormant parts.

Material Flow Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Material Flow Accounting - Essay Example These methods have proved popular at national levels following the new Think Green Trend which now seems to have taken over even the fiscal and monetary policy of the public and private sector and has often even been termed a system for integrated environmental and economic accounting. Browne (2005).The EIA and the EMS have proved to be very popular tools of the Environmental Impact Assessment strategies and the trend has so far not been restricted to the USA but many other jurisdictions are now changing their laws (particularly the EU) in order to be better able to reduce the stress on natural sources and the environmental impacts and increase the operating efficiency of certain firms which may otherwise be an environmental hazard. (Durrenberger, G., Hartmann, C.2002).The EIS is fast becoming a tool for An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and such a statement through the use of accounting techniques like the MFA and LCA(discussed down below will be used to give an assessment of the positive and/or negative environmental influences that a project may have on the environment. The statement will then identify and foresee the social and biological impacts ion the environment as a part of good practice and sometimes legal compulsion in many countries today to decide whether the project being undertaken is worth the damage it will have on the environment. ... (Fehily, Timoney & Co. 1999).To facilitate such as analysis two techniques have developed in the yester decades to provide a more technical prediction of the environmental cost and benefit analysis. (Fehily, Timoney & Co. 1999)Firstly there is the Material flow analysis (MFA) which will amalgamate the material flows with in a development transaction and will also calculate indicators and develop strategies and measures for improving material flow systems.Thus academic opinion has endorsed it a credible method of assuring the sustainability of industrial ecology along with the techniques of LCA ( life cycle assessment).The MFA will be used while making decisions in the EMS and EIS by capturing the mass balances in an economy or an upcoming development transaction , where inputs (extractions + imports) equal outputs (consumptions + exports+ accumulation + wastes), and will utilize the laws of Thermodynamics. (Fehily, Timoney & Co. 1999).This method facilitates the decision making proce ss in the Impact Assessment by recognizing that the total amount of matter and energy involved at each and every stage of the economic cycle is required for all economic activities. The pith and substance of the analysis thus becomes the query whether flow of materials is sustainable in terms of the environmental burden it creates. (Fehily, Timoney & Co. 1999). In an EIS statement the MFA will be used to minimize the flow of materials while maximizing the human welfare generated by the flow. This is because the MFA system is involved in the monitoring of wastes that are typically unaccounted for in traditional economic analyses. (Kahn, H., Brown, W., Martel, L. 1976). Similarly then we have the system for the life

Effectiveness of Controversial Advertising (Marketing Communications) Essay

Effectiveness of Controversial Advertising (Marketing Communications) - Essay Example According to Hosford-Dunn, et al. (2000, p.163), the basic functions of advertising are: to inform, persuade, or remind and reinforce customers so that information about the products and services will be disseminated and eventually sell themselves. Advertising is one of the marketing strategies that is used in communicating information with a purpose of influencing individual about a certain product or services in order to stimulate market demand. Advertising is considered as a business activity for it involves money and time; however, this activity is naturally visible, in fact, it is prone to public criticisms particularly when it did not meet consumer expectations and satisfactions, and when it delivered false advertising. Advertisements are considered to be successful if they affect people purchase power and consequently increase sales turnover, sales revenue and elevate brand awareness. All advertising efforts are expected to originate from genuine, unique and eye catching idea; however, marketers nowadays are crossing the traditional line and run controversial advertisements. The main thrust of this paper is to discuss the effectiveness of controversial advertising as a method of successfully selling a product. Controversial Advertising During the 19th and the 20th century when competition is becoming more intense, companies have increased their interest in using advertisements just to be competitive. There are billions of advertisements appearing in a day and this number is growing rapidly. This overwhelming information received by the viewing public had made them saturated and lessen their attention toward every advertisements because they go unnoticed and viewed in an unconscious manner. In order for advertisers to hold new chances in gaining public attention and awareness, they downplay shocking advertisements that are morally daring and offensive to the public. According to Jeurissen (2007, p.158), â€Å"for those who have the courage to publish a c ontroversial advertisement, there is a chance that their message will become the subject of a lively discussion: people will start to talk about it...† Adventurous marketers preferred to use controversial advertising as a method of successfully selling a product because they believed it will cause curiosity in people awareness and make everyone remember. However, a great percentage of consumers said that these kinds of advertisements leave negative consequences. The Effectiveness of Controversial Advertising Nowadays, advertisements are made to execute themes that are beyond the line of creativity and are sometimes exaggerated, eye catching and more controversial than ever just to capture the attention of the viewing public. The print advertisements below are some of the controversial advertising campaigns whose concepts are extreme and shocking just to promote products or services (see figure 1). Figure 1: Controversial and Disturbing Print Ads Source: Huang, 2010 This patter n addresses organizational message that is beginning to emerge wherein advertisers use gore, violence, nudity, sexual connotation, etc., which used to show social, political, and moral conflicts. However, according to Wright (1997, p.141), â€Å"the messages of other controversial ads might be less bland, such as

Change Management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Change Management - Term Paper Example The intended change initiative has been measured to be cultural in nature where a flexible workplace is aimed to be introduced and is expected to be accepted in the place of a traditional form of workforce. Importance of Change Management There are stated to exist certain strong macroeconomic factors which are expected to turn out to be increasingly powerful in the coming few decades. Owing to such an anticipated and unforeseen situation, organizations will recognize the need to trim down the expenses, enhance the quality of the products as well as services, identifying fresh prospects related to development and escalation of the productivity factor (Kotter, 1996). These factors evidently focus on the requirement of a proper process related to change management in the organizations. Change management is referred to the application of planning, organizing, employing and screening the alterations creating an influence on the production aspect of the concerned organizations. The process needs to be structured in a planned way (ITSM Community, n.d.). In the initial stage, the consciousness regarding the need for an alteration needs to be identified and established. Then, a desire for backing such a change and a requirement of participation needs to be triggered. In the next step, a proper knowledge regarding the ways related to change needs to be communicated to the concerned individuals. The subsequent step would involve the competency to employ the needed expertise and conducts. The final step would involve the aspect of support in order to maintain the change (Hiatt, 2006). The organization considered for this paper plans to introduce a change in the seating arrangements of their employees in order to make available increased floor space in the office. The seating arrangement has been planned for those working staffs who are majorly engaged with work related to manufacturing as well as lab. These employees are learnt to spend most of their working hours in the m anufacturing and the lab areas and are just needed to spend almost 2 hours in an average each day in their respective allocated workspace. It was observed in this respect that the workspace of such individuals remains idle for most of the time in a given working day and for which an opportunity loss was also measured. In order to make the optimum use of office space, the management of the organization planned for an unallocated seating arrangement in replacement of the personal workspace. This particular notion of flexible workspace is assumed to facilitate the organization to accommodate 232 numbers of employees in place of 58 seating spaces in each shift in each day by taking into deliberation the 2-hr window. Need of a Vision Statement The above mentioned change is estimated to be a cultural shift as a flexible workspace concept will be introduced in place of individual workspace. The organization needs to carefully introduce this intended change as the loosing of one’s pe rsonal workspace might lead to resentments among the existing workforce. A planned procedure requires to be employed in order to carry out this change process successfully in the organization. The organization would need to put in additional efforts to make the employees believe in the actuality that the intended change is vital along with

Nothing Succeds Like Success Essay Example for Free

Nothing Succeds Like Success Essay All desire success but only a chosen can be fortunate enough to get it. What is the secret of their success? What makes them a chosen few out of thousands of people struggling uselessly? Why all men and women cannot be the creators of their own destiny? Why does the spotlight shine over only a handful of people? As we all think about success, the first couple of things that come to our minds are†¦riches†¦wealth†¦a big name†¦famous. There is nothing as sweet as success. And it is the sweetest when reached through sweat and hard work. Success is the crowning glory and comes only after fighting a battle full of risks. It is the success, which motivates man to work tirelessly, and urges man beat himself and become his own competition. â€Å"Run after Excellency and success shall follow,† means that success is also overvalued sometimes. If you work hard to become the best in the field, success would come to you naturally. For example: Today Disney rakes in billions from merchandise, movies and theme parks around the world, but Walt Disney himself had a bit of a rough first step. A newspaper editor fired him because, he lacked imagination and had no good ideas. After that, Disney started a number of businesses that didnt last too long and ended with financial ruin and failure. He kept plugging along, however, and eventually found a recipe for success that worked. There are infinite examples of people who made it in their early life but what about those who don’t. Do they give up? Or keep trying until they finally hit the perfect chord? Why can’t they succeed? Why do people believe that if you fail once there is no chance of success later in life? That’s because our fear of loss is greater than the fear of gain. This Nobel Prize-winning, twice-elected Prime Minster of the United Kingdom wasnt always as well judged as he is today. Churchill struggled in school and screwed up his sixth grade examinations. After school he faced many years of diplomatic failures, as he was crushed in every election for public office until he finally became the Prime Minister at the withered old age of 62. Success teaches us many lessons in life like never giving up and trying till we finally reach to our goal. It also teaches us that no matter how high the hurdles are, you must always keep your eye on your goal. â€Å"Successful people don’t do different things, they just do things differently.†

Transactional Leadership and Transformational Leadership

Transactional Leadership and Transformational Leadership Compare and contrast between Transactional Leadership and Transformational Leadership. What are the significant differences between the two leadership models? Give relevant examples. 1.0 What is Leadership? Leadership has been described as the process of social influence in which one person can enlist or procure the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task. It is the way of organizing a group of people for the purpose of achieving a common goal. A leader is the person to who is capable of guiding, inspiring and associating others with the dream goal. In addition, there are various types of leadership models which include transactional leadership, transformational leadership, and charismatic leadership and so on. In this contest, transactional leadership and transformational leadership will be compared and contrasted. 2.0 Description Transactional Leadership Transactional leadership is a term used to classify a formally known group leadership theories that inquire the interactions between leaders and followers. A transactional leader focuses more on a series of transactions. This person is interested in looking out for oneself, having exchange benefits with their subordinates and clarifies a sense of duty with rewards and punishments to reach goals. The transactional leadership style developed by Bass is based on the hypothesis that followers are motivated through a system of rewards and punishment. The transactional leaders view of the leader / follower relationship is one of quid pro quo or this for that. If the follower does something good, then they will be rewarded. If the follower does something wrong, then they will be punished. Transformational Leadership Transformational leadership is defined as a leadership approach that causes change in individuals and social systems. In its ideal form, it creates valuable and positive change in the followers with the end goal of developing followers into leaders. Enacted in its authentic form, transformational leadership enhances the motivation, morale and performance of his followers through a variety of mechanisms. These include connecting the followers sense of identity and self to the mission and the collective identity of the organization; being a role model for followers that inspires them; challenging followers to take greater ownership for their work, and understanding the strengths and weaknesses of followers, so the leader can align followers with tasks that optimize their performance. The theory behind transformational leaders, on the other hand is based, on the hypothesis that leaders can exploit a need of the follower. These particular needs are not based on quid pro quo transactions, but higher order needs. These needs are those of the total person, and are closely aligned with the internal motivational factors of the follower. So at one end of the spectrum we have transactional leaders that are making many deals with those being led. On the other end of the spectrum, we have transformational leaders, which are looking to satisfy a greater need of an individual. 3.0 Mission Transactional Leader: approaches followers with an eye to exchanging one thing for another à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Burns pursues a cost benefit, economic exchange to met subordinates current material and psychic needs in return for contracted services rendered by the subordinate à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Bass Here, transformational leaders make exchange of work with their followers for benefit or rewards. Followers are motivated with the rewards being given. Transformational Leader: recognizes and exploits an existing need or demand of a potential followerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (and) looks for potential motives in followers, seeks to satisfy higher needs, and engages the full person of the follower à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Burns The leader who recognizes the transactional needs in potential followers but tends to go further, seeking to arouse and satisfy higher needs, to engage the full person of the follower à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to a higher level of need according to Maslows hierarchy of needs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Bass Here, transformational leaders tend to focus on the move to change the followers and the organization. In addition, as explained by Bass, the transactional leaders focus on the organizational work within the organizational culture as the way it exists; on the other hand, the transformational leaders try to bring changes to the organizational culture. 4.0 Personal characteristics Transactional Directive Dominating Action-Oriented Transformational Self Confident Assertive Seizes Opportunities Tolerates Risk Uses Systems Thinking 5.0 Characteristics of Transactional leaders 1. Contingent rewards: Transactional leaders link the goal to rewards, clarify expectations, provide necessary resources, set mutually agreed upon goals, and provide various kinds of rewards for successful performance. They set SMART (specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and timely) goals for their subordinates. These leaders work on some aspects which include; Exchange of rewards for effort contracted. Rewards for achieving goals promised. Accomplishments recognized. Clear goals and recognition once they are reached is held to result in individuals and groups achieving expected levels of performance. 2. Management by exception (active): Transactional leaders actively monitor the work of their subordinates, watch for deviations from rules and standards and taking corrective action to prevent mistakes. These personalities also include; Standards specified by leader. Deviations are searched from the rules and standards. Corrective action taken quickly if necessary. May involve follower punishment. 3. Management by exception (passive): Transactional leaders intervene only when standards are not met or when the performance is not as per the expectations. They may even use punishment as a response to unacceptable performance. These leaders have some uniqueness which include; Leader awaits emergence of problems before acting. Intervenes only if standards are not met. 4. Passive-avoidant/Laissez-faire: The leader provides an environment where the subordinates get many opportunities to make decisions. The leader himself abdicates responsibilities and avoids making decisions and therefore the group often lacks direction. This can also be explained as; Agreements are not specified; there are no expectations set; and goals and standards are avoided. 6. 0 Characteristics of Transformational Leadership 1. Charisma or idealized influence The degree to which the leader behaves in admirable ways that cause followers to identify with the leader. Charismatic leaders display convictions, take stands and appeal to followers on an emotional level. This is about the leader having a clear set of values and demonstrating them in every action, providing a role model for their followers. 2. Inspirational motivation The degree to which the leader articulates a vision that is appealing and inspiring to followers. Leaders with inspirational motivation challenge followers with high standards, communicate optimism about future goals, and provide meaning for the task at hand. Followers need to have a strong sense of purpose if they are to be motivated to act. Purpose and meaning provide the energy that drives a group forward. It is also important that this visionary aspect of leadership be supported by skills that allow the leader to articulate his or her vision with precision and power in a compelling and persuasive way. 3. Intellectual stimulation The degree to which the leader challenges assumptions, takes risks and solicits followers ideas. Leaders with this trait stimulate and encourage creativity in their followers. 4. Individualized consideration or individualized attention The degree to which the leader attends to each followers needs, acts as a mentor or coach to the follower and listens to the followers concerns and needs. This also encompasses the need to respect and celebrate the individual contribution that each follower can make to the team (it is the diversity of the team that gives it its true strength). Transformational Leaders Motivating for performance beyond expectations. Inspiring for missions beyond self interest. Instilling confidence to achieve performance. Transformational leadership goes beyond transactional leadership. Transactional Leaders Motivating for performance at expected levels. Initiating structure to clarify the task and roles. Stressing the link between reward and goal achievement. Uses agreed upon performance to motivate. Performance beyond expectations 7.0 Assumptions Transformational leaders People get inspired by a person then they will follow that person. Great things can be achieved by person with vision and passion. Things are gotten done by the way they are injected with enthusiasm and energy. Transactional Leaders Followers/Employees are motivated by reward and punishment. Orders are given by the superiors, and the subordinates have to obey the orders. These subordinates are not self-motivated rather they need to be intimately monitored and controlled in order to get the work done from them. 8.0 Differences Transitional leaders Transactional leaders are aware of the link between the effort and reward Transactional leadership is responsive and its basic orientation is dealing with present issues Transactional leaders rely on standard forms of inducement, reward, punishment and sanction to control followers Transactional leaders motivate followers by setting goals and promising rewards for desired performance Transactional leadership depends on the leaders power to reinforce subordinates for their successful completion of the bargain. Transformational leaders Transformational leaders arouse emotions in their followers which motivates them to act beyond the framework of what may be described as exchange relations Transformational leadership is proactive and forms new expectations in followers Transformational leaders are distinguished by their capacity to inspire and provide individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation and idealized influence to their followers Transformational leaders create learning opportunities for their followers and stimulate followers to solve problems Transformational leaders possess good visioning, rhetorical and management skills, to develop strong emotional bonds with followers Transformational leaders motivate followers to work for goals that go beyond self-interest. In addition, the below table will give a detailed contrast of the differences between Transactional leadership and transformational leadership. Transactional Leadership Transformational Leadership à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Leadership of the status quo. Effective in stable organizations and contexts. More likely to be observed in a well-ordered society. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Leadership of change (within leaders, followers and organizations). Important in times of distress and rapid and destabilizing change. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Focuses on social and economic exchanges between leaders and followers, using contingent rewards and administrative actions to reinforce positive and reform negative behaviors. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Focuses on organizational objectives and organizational change by disseminating new values and seeking alternatives to existing arrangements. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Leader-follower relationship sees each exchange needs and services to satisfy their independent objectives. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Leader-follower relationship sees purposes of both become fused, leading to unity and shared purpose. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Motivates followers by appealing to their own self-interest (for example, pay, and promotion). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Attempts to raise follower needs (following Maslows hierarchy) to higher levels (for example, self-esteem) and to develop followers into leaders. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Based on directive power acts. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Based on interaction and influence. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Follower response based on compliance. Supervision likely to be important. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Follower response based on commitment. Supervision may be minimal. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Leadership act takes place but leaders and followers not bound together in mutual pursuit of higher purpose. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Leaders and followers raise one another to higher levels of motivation and morality. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Founded on peoples need to make a living by completing tasks. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Founded on peoples need for meaning. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Focuses on situational authority, politics and perks. Involves values, but typically those required for successful exchange relationships (for example, reciprocity, and integrity). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Focuses on personal power, values, morals and ethics. May be demonstrated by anyone in an organization in any type of position. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Emphasis on day-to-day affairs, business needs short-term goals and quantitative information. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Transcends daily affairs, concentrating on long-term issues. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Leader-follower relationship may be established quickly. A relatively impersonal relationship maintained only as long as benefits outweigh costs. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ May take time for leader-follower bonds to develop. A personal relationship that may persist when costs outweigh benefits. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Tends to be transitory. Once a transaction is completed, relationship may need to be redefined. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Tends to be enduring. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Emphasizes tactical issues. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Emphasizes missions and strategies for achieving them. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Typically involves working within current systems. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ May involve redesigning of jobs to make them more meaningful and challenging. Emphasizes realization of human potential. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Supports structures and systems that emphasize outcomes. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Aligns structures and systems to overarching values and goals. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Follower counseling focuses on evaluation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Follower counseling focuses on personal development. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Atomistic worldview and moral altruistic motives based on teleological perspective (that is to say, based on consequences). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Organic worldview and moral altruistic motives based on deontological perspective (that is to say, based on promises). In addition to the above table, their differences can also be categorized as the following; Basis Servant or steward Leadership Transformational leaders have idealized vision. They are likable and honorable hero that worth imitating and identifying. They lead to promote change in the environment. On the other hand, Transactional leaders have the basis of exchange process. They work on mutual need satisfying, giving rewards for job performance. They lead to promote stability in the workplace. Leadership development Transformational leaders tend to have more power. They empower and energize their followers excel. They re-engineer their followers. On the other hand, Transactional leaders design structures, control and reward system in their workplace to improve effectiveness and efficiency. Lead by example Transformational leaders are charismatic. They handle and meet individuals needs. As well, they upgrade the level of the needs. On the other hand, Transactional leaders possess different types of leadership style, using the right style at the necessary time. Proactive change agent Transformational leaders make an effort to inspire their followers to help them change and transcend their selves for greater purposes. On the other hand, Transactional leaders reward their followers in terms of their performance. They are reactive to change at instances. Vision creator propagandist Transformational leaders make effort to create a vision of desired future state. They communicate pain of change that worth the effort. On the other hand, Transactional leaders focus on company goals and objectives. They make sure the needed goals are achieved. 9.0 Examples Transactional Leadership In this kind of leadership, a clear chain of command is established. The leader motivates his subordinates by presenting them rewards and punishments. All requirements for a subordinate are clearly stated with corresponding rewards. If they fail to satisfy those requirements, they will receive a corresponding punishment. A couple of famous examples of transactional leaders are Joseph McCarthy and Charles de Gaulle. Transformational Leadership Transformational leaders lead by motivating by their followers. Leaders appeal to their followers ideals and morals to motivate them in accomplishing their tasks. Basically, these kinds of leaders empower their followers using their own beliefs and personal strengths. Simply put, they inspire their followers. Famous transformational leaders include Martin Luther King Jr. and Walt Disney. 10.0 Conclusion Finally, the transactional style of leadership is viewed as insufficient, but not bad, in developing the maximum leadership potential. It forms as the basis for more mature interactions but care should be taken by leaders not to practice it exclusively, otherwise it will lead to the creation of an environment permeated by position, power, perks, and politics. On the other hand, transformational Leadership by definition, seek to transform. When the organization does not need transforming and people are happy as they are, then such a leader will be frustrated. Like wartime leaders, however, given the right situation they come into their own and can be personally responsible for saving entire companies.